Main types of construction

Construction is one of the most ancient spheres of human activity. Dwellings and farm buildings were built thousands of years ago. As the formation and development of society, construction technology gradually improved. Modern buildings, built with the use of innovative techniques and perfect materials are most convenient to use, reliable and durable. The very construction industry today has a rather complex and dynamic structure. There are a variety of types of construction, both in terms of the type of construction sites and the technology of the work itself.

Main classification

Modern construction is divided into two main types:

• The capital. Its objects are buildings and structures related to the category of real estate, that is, connected to the ground through a foundation.
• Non-capital. The objects of this type of construction include temporary and light structures.

Types of construction (capital)

According to Russian law, real estate includes:

• Building. Represent structures that have an underground (foundation, ground floor) and aboveground parts. In the system of structures of this kind, engineering networks are usually included : plumbing, sewerage, ventilation, etc. Buildings can be designed for living or for people's activities.
• Structures. They are linear or flat systems consisting of load-bearing structures, as in the first case, having underground and aboveground parts. Such buildings are usually designed to move people or cargo, store products or conduct production processes. Bridges, roads, dams, oil wells, etc., can serve as an example of structures.
• Objects of unfinished construction. So called the construction, the erection of which was for some reason stopped. Use them for their intended purpose before the end of assembly is impossible.

Objects of non-capital construction

To temporary carry buildings built on the land for a certain (usually not more than 5 years) period. As an example of non-capital construction projects, one can cite:

• Kiosks;
• Household units;
• Sheds;
• Cabins;
• Collapsible hangars and pavilions, etc.

Classification by object type

There are different types of construction and for the purpose of the erected buildings. The latter can be residential, productive, perform special functions, etc. On this basis, the construction is classified into:

• Civic. The objects of this category are houses, small and multi-storey, as well as various public (state, office, commercial, administrative, etc.) buildings.
• Industrial. This category includes works related to the erection of shops, factories, factories and factories.
• Agricultural.
• Transport. Construction of bridges, tunnels and roads.
• Hydrotechnical. The erection of dams, canals, reservoirs, dams, etc.
• The military. Construction of military facilities.

Next, we will consider what the types of capital construction are in more detail. Each of them has its own characteristics.

Civil engineering

The construction of residential and public buildings in our time engaged in a huge number of firms. The lion's share of all investments in the construction industry today falls precisely on its civilian appearance.

Residential buildings can be multi-apartment or low-rise. In the first case, the contract with the company is usually concluded by the administration of the settlement or enterprise. In the second - a private owner, who owns a suburban area.

Public buildings can include shops, government, office, sports facilities, canteens, cafes, restaurants, etc. Contracts for their erection can also be concluded by administrative bodies, enterprises or individuals.

Industrial engineering

The erection of production facilities for special purposes has a lot of technological features. Therefore, industrial construction and allocated in a separate group. For example, the roof of production facilities is usually flat, one-run, in large complexes-workshops, windows are often completely absent, etc.

Most modern construction companies have the right to build both civil residential buildings and industrial buildings.

The erection of military facilities

The above types of construction are carried out by ordinary civilian specialized companies. The construction of defense facilities such firms can also be engaged. However, this practice is, rather, an exception than the rule. More often such objects are erected nevertheless by special military-building formations. In peacetime, the latter are mainly engaged in the erection of buildings intended for the residence of officers and soldiers, as well as long-term defensive structures. During the war, these formations are responsible for the arrangement of theaters of military operations.

Agricultural building

The construction of industrial facilities on farms and for large livestock and agricultural companies is a procedure that also has its own characteristics. Agricultural buildings are usually dispersed over a very large area, which, of course, can not but cause difficulties with the organization of work. This is the main difference of this type of construction from the rest. Agricultural objects are being built in our time as well as industrial and residential objects, mainly in a contract way. It can be, for example, poultry houses, cattle-breeding complexes, greenhouses, agrotechnical buildings, veterinary clinics, etc.

Classification by type of work performed

On this basis, the construction is divided into:

• New. In this case, the building or structure is erected from scratch.
• Expansion. This type of construction involves the construction of facilities that complement the existing building.
• Reconstruction. In this case, the restoration of existing objects, dilapidated or partially destroyed for some reason, to their original condition, is carried out.
• Technical re-equipment (modernization). Updating existing facilities in connection with their moral aging.

The list shows the main types of capital construction work. There are other, not so large-scale events, also included in the duties of specializing in the erection of buildings of firms.

These, for example, include repairs and finishing. From the reconstruction and modernization they are distinguished primarily by the fact that they do not change the technical parameters of the basic design of the facility.

All these types of construction: reconstruction, repair (including), expansion, modernization, etc. - the work in the majority of its quite complex. They require the presence of certain skills and abilities of the company's employees.

General works in construction

The process of erection of buildings and structures, as well as their modernization and reconstruction may include:

• Geodetic work on the site for construction.
• Preparatory work (demolition of old structures, construction of temporary access roads, engineering networks, etc.).
• Excavation (drainage, compaction, excavation of trenches and excavations).
• Well construction.
• Construction of foundations.
• Works on the construction of stone structures.
• Installation of metal structures.
• Assembling of wooden structures.
• The device of roofs, etc.

All these types of construction work have their own characteristics and are carried out by highly qualified specialists. When erecting any building or structure, the SNiP standards, as well as the safety rules, are compulsorily observed.

As you can see, in our time there are different types of construction: reconstruction, modernization, erection of buildings from scratch, etc. Each of them has its own peculiarities. Some work is a technologically complex process , others can easily be performed even by non-professionals. However, in any case, construction is an industry, in the national economy the playing role is far from the last.