How does goosebumpice form? Reasons for the formation of goosebumps: biology (grade 8)

From this article you will learn what is goosebump. How is this effect formed and under what conditions? Let's figure it out together.

How Goose Skin Forms: Biology (Grade 8)

Many people noticed this phenomenon. To understand how goosebumps is formed, we first need to recall the structural features of this organ. This structure, which is studied in the course of biology of the 8th class, consists of three layers. The outer is represented by the epidermis. In turn, it distinguishes between the surface horny and deeper growth layer. The first is a collection of keratinized cells, which are continuously peeled off. But the skin does not get thinner. It is restored due to the germ layer, the cells of which are constantly divided.

Under the epidermis is located the dermis, or actually the skin. It is formed by a connective tissue. It is here that the most important elements of the skin are concentrated. These include elastic and collagen fibers, various types of receptors, sweat and sebaceous glands. The dermis also contains hair follicles, each of which is connected to the muscle that lifts it.

The inner layer is represented by subcutaneous adipose tissue. It consists of connective tissue bundles, between which are scattered fat cells. This layer - a kind of reserve, as well as protection from low temperatures and mechanical damage.

Goose Skin Formation

Surely, each of us was in a state about which we can say this: "As much hair stood on end ." And it's not in a figurative sense. In a state of strong emotional excitement, the muscles contract with the hair follicles of the dermis. This can happen when a person experiences fear and joy, horror and delight - any vivid emotions. As a result, the hair and skin around them are raised. In colloquial speech about this effect they still say "goose bumps on the skin ".

Pilomotor reflex

How does goosebumpice form? Biology views this reaction as a pilomotor reflex. Its essence lies in the fact that in response to emotional arousal, exposure to the surface of the skin with cold or mechanical stimulus, a contraction of smooth muscle fibers takes place, lifting hair on the human skin. This reaction is innate, so it happens unconsciously, that is, subconsciously. You can only imagine how the nail cuts the glass or remember the long-lived accident, as the skin "run naughty goose bumps".

The scale of the pilomotor reflex, or piloerectomy, indicates the state of functioning of the human nervous system. If the "pimples" covers only the site in the place of irritation, then the reflex is normal. With increased excitability and mobility of the nervous system, the effect of goosebump spreads far beyond its limits. And the lack of reaction is the result of the oppressed state.

The etymology of the concept

How do goosebumps form in humans is understandable. And where did this concept come from? The visual manifestation of the pilomotor reflex really resembles the skin of these waterfowl. They have special seals in the epidermis, from which the feathers grow. If they are plucked, there will be characteristic protrusions. Similar formations involuntarily arise in humans under special conditions. Since the characteristic pimples form and disappear quickly enough, they are also compared with the movement of small insects and are called "goose bumps".

Goosebumps as a rudiment

The appearance of characteristic tubercles on the skin in response to certain irritations is inherent not only to man, but also to other representatives of the Mammal class. They have a thick scalp. Pilomotor reflex in them is one of the protective reactions of the body. During exposure to cold, the hairs of the wool are raised. At the same time, air, which is heated by the surface of the skin, lingers at its surface. And the body becomes warmer.

Goose skin is also observed in many animals when danger occurs. How is this effect created and why is this effect in a state of fear? And indeed, many have seen cats that hiss at the enemy and flex their back with their hair raised up. This is also a manifestation of a protective reaction. With raised hair, the animal looks more massive and frightening. During evolution, a person lost a solid hairline. Therefore, the spiromotor reflex in his body can not perform the listed functions. Thus, it has survived only rudimentary in humans.

Goosebumps: causes

But how is goosefoot formed in the case when there are no conditions for the emergence of this reflex? Sometimes "goose bumps", but are on the epidermis constantly. This effect is already not a natural reaction, but a manifestation of a serious dermatological disease. Doctors call it hyperkeratosis. This can result from an increase in the number and disruption of the peeling of the stratum corneum of the epidermis.

To provoke this deviation from the norm can be several factors at once. These include the lack of vitamins, especially groups A, B, C and E. Violation of the rules of personal hygiene can also cause the appearance of non-vanishing "goose bumps" on the skin. But the most dangerous reason for the appearance of these tubercles is the disruption of the endocrine system. In any case, if such structures are found, the dermatologist should be consulted immediately and examined.

Methods of disease control

Goosebumps, the reasons for which are quite diverse, require immediate attention to this problem. To get rid of its cosmetic manifestation, it is recommended to use a scrub, exfoliating masks, special creams and peeling, to regularly take a contrast shower. These simple procedures not only purify the epidermis from the coarsened areas, but also increase the tone of the vessels, and restore blood circulation in the affected area.

Particular attention should be given to feeding when undesirable tubercles occur. Foods rich in vitamins, vegetable oils, sour milk bacteria are a prerequisite for fighting hyperkeratosis. Nutritionists recommend including whole wheat bread, nuts, sunflower seeds, vegetables, fruits, kefir and yogurt in the diet.

Dermatologist's recommendations

Dermatologists recommend people who have discovered areas with constant goosebumps, first to find out the cause of its appearance. Depending on her nature, treatment will be prescribed. If the dryness of the skin is caused by its individual characteristics, regular cosmetic procedures and rational nutrition will suffice. In the event of a disruption in the work of internal organs or hereditary predisposition, drug-free comprehensive treatment can not be avoided.

So, we figured out how goosefoot is formed. There are two main reasons for this effect. In the first case, the tubercles are a manifestation of the pilomotor reflex. Its essence is to reduce the muscles that, when exposed to various factors, contract and lift the hair follicles and the skin around them. The appearance of goosebump in some areas, which does not stop with time, indicates a violation in the body.