Water objects of the world. Use of water bodies

Accumulations of natural waters on the surface of the earth, as well as in the upper layer of the earth's crust, are called water objects. They have a hydrological regime and are involved in the water cycle in nature. The hydrosphere of the planet consists mainly of them.

Groups

The structure, hydrological features and ecological conditions divide water objects into three groups: reservoirs, watercourses and water structures of a special kind. Watercourses are rivers, canals, streams, that is, water, located in depressions of the Earth's surface, where the movement is progressive, under a slope. Water bodies are located where the earth's surface is lowered and the water movement is slower compared to the drains. These are swamps, ponds, reservoirs, lakes, seas, oceans.

Special water objects are mountain glaciers and coverslips, as well as all groundwaters (artesian basins, aquifer soil horizons). Water reservoirs and gutters can be temporary (dry) and permanent. In most of the water bodies have a catchment - this is the part of the sequence of soils, rocks and soils that give the water contained in them to the ocean, sea, lake or river. On the border of adjacent watersheds, a watershed is defined, which may be underground or surface (orographic).

Hydrographic network

Watercourses and reservoirs in the aggregate, concluded within a certain territory, are a hydrographic network. However, most often glaciers located here are not taken into account, and this is not right. It is necessary to consider as a hydrographic network absolutely the entire list of water bodies that are on the terrestrial surface of a given territory.

Rivers, streams, canals, being part of a hydrographic network, that is, watercourses, are called a channel network. If from the watercourses there are only large ones, that is rivers, this part of the hydrographic network will be called the river network.

Hydrosphere

The hydrosphere is formed by all natural waters of the Earth. Neither the concept nor its borders have yet been determined. Traditionally, the intermittent water shell of the globe, which is located within the earth's crust, including in its thickness, representing a combination of seas and oceans, groundwaters and objects of water resources of land: glaciers, snow cover, marshes, lakes and rivers . Not included in the concept of the hydrosphere are only atmospheric moisture and water contained in living organisms.

The concept of the hydrosphere is interpreted both broadly and more narrowly. The latter is when the term hydrosphere refers only to surface waters that are located between the atmosphere and the lithosphere, and in the first case all participants of the global cycle are included: the natural waters of the planet, and the underground, upper part of the earth's crust, and atmospheric moisture, and water in Living organisms. This is closer to the concept of "geosphere", where a relatively little studied problem of interpenetration of different geospheres (atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere) - the boundaries of the biosphere, according to Vernadsky.

Water resources of the Earth

Water objects of the world contain approximately 1,388 million cubic kilometers of water, a huge volume, distributed over water objects of all types. The world's oceans and seas that are associated with it are the bulk of the water belonging to the hydrosphere, 96.4 percent of the total. In second place, glaciers and snowfields: here 1.86 percent of all the waters of the planet. The remaining water bodies got 1.78%, and this is a huge number of rivers, lakes, marshes.

The most valuable waters are fresh, but there are quite few of them on the planet: 36 769 thousand cubic kilometers, that is, only 2.65 percent of all planetary water. And most of it, glaciers and snowfields, which contain more than seventy percent of all fresh water on Earth. Fresh lakes have 91 thousand cubic kilometers of water, a quarter of a percent, fresh underground water: 10,530 thousand cubic kilometers (28.6%), rivers and reservoirs account for hundredths and thousandths of a percent. There are few water in the marshes, but their area on the planet is huge - 2,682 million square kilometers, that is, more than lakes, and even more so of reservoirs.

Hydrological cycle

Absolutely all objects of aquatic biological resources with each other are connected indirectly or directly, as they are united by the water cycle on the planet (the global hydrological cycle). The main component of the cycle is the river runoff, the closing links of the continental and oceanic cycles. The largest river flow is the largest river in the world - the Amazon, its water flow is 18% of the runoff of all terrestrial rivers, that is, 7,280 cubic kilometers per year.

With the mass of water in the global hydrosphere unchanged over the past forty to fifty years, the amount of content of individual water bodies often changes, as the waters are redistributed. With global warming, the melting of cover and mountain glaciers has increased, permafrost has gone, and the level of the World Ocean has increased markedly. The glaciers of Greenland, Antarctica, the Arctic islands are gradually melting. Water is a natural resource that is able to resume, because it constantly comes with atmospheric precipitation, which flows through catchments to lakes and rivers, form underground reserves, which are the main sources that allow the use of water bodies.

Using

The same water is used, as a rule, many times and by different users. For example, first it participates in any technological process, then it enters sewage, then another user uses the same water. But in spite of the fact that water is a source of renewable and reused water, the use of water objects does not occur in sufficient volume, since there is no sufficient quantity of fresh water on the planet.

A special shortage of water resources occurs, for example, during a drought or other natural phenomena. The amount of precipitation decreases, and they are the main source of renewal of this natural resource. Also, the discharge of sewage pollutes water reservoirs, because of the construction of dams, dams and other structures, the hydrological regime changes, and human needs always exceed the permissible intake of fresh water. Therefore, the protection of water bodies is a matter of paramount importance.

The legal aspect

World waters are certainly a useful natural resource of the most important ecological and economic importance. Unlike any minerals, water is absolutely essential for the life of humanity. Therefore, the legal regulation of water ownership, the use of water bodies, their parts, as well as distribution and protection issues are of particular importance. Therefore, "water" and "water" are legally different concepts.

Water is nothing more than a compound of oxygen and hydrogen that exists in the liquid, gaseous and solid state. Water is absolutely all water that is in all water bodies, that is, in its natural state and on the surface of land, and in the interior, and in any forms of the relief of the earth's crust. The regime for the use of water bodies is regulated by civil legislation. There is a special water legislation that regulates the use of water in the natural environment and water bodies - water use. Only water that is in the atmosphere and precipitates as precipitation is not isolated and not individualized , since it is part of the soil composition.

Security

Safety in water bodies in winter ensures full compliance with the relevant rules. Autumn ice is extremely fragile until stable frosts come. In the evening and at night, it can withstand some stress, and in the daytime it quickly heats up from the meltwater that seeps into the depths, making the ice porous and weak, despite the thickness. During this period, it is the cause of injuries and even death of people.

Water bodies freeze very unevenly, first offshore, in shallow water, then in the middle. Lakes, ponds, where the water is standing, and especially if there are no streams in the reservoir, there is no river bed or underwater springs, it freezes faster. The current always hinders the formation of ice. The safe thickness for a single person is seven centimeters, for a skating rink - at least twelve centimeters, for a walking crossing - from fifteen centimeters, for cars - at least thirty. If a person still fell through the ice, then at a temperature of 24 degrees Celsius, it can stay in the water for up to nine hours without harm to health, but ice at this temperature is a rarity. Usually it is from five to fifteen degrees. In this situation, a person can survive for four hours. If the temperature is up to three degrees, death comes in fifteen minutes.

Behavior rules

1. In the dark, you can not go out on the ice, and also with poor visibility: in snow, fog, rain.
2. You can not beat the feet with ice, checking it for strength. If there is even a little water under your feet, you must immediately step back on your trail with sliding steps, distributing the load over a large area (feet shoulder width apart).
3. Walk on the torn paths.
4. A group of people must cross a reservoir, observing a distance of 5 meters minimum.
5. It is necessary to have a twenty-meter strong cord with a dead loop and a load (the cargo is needed to throw the cord, which has fallen through, but a loop, so that it will pass under the armpits).
6. Parents should not allow children to be unattended on water bodies: neither on fishing, nor on a skating rink.
7. In alcoholic intoxication, it is better not to approach reservoirs, because people in this state react to the danger inadequately.

Fishermen on a note

1. It is necessary to know well the reservoir intended for fishing: deep and shallow places to observe safety on water objects.
2. To distinguish the signs of thin ice, to know which water bodies are dangerous, observe precautions.
3. The route is determined from the shore.
4. Take care when descending to the ice: often it is not very tightly connected to the land, there are cracks and air under the ice.
5. Do not go out to dark areas of ice, which warmed up in the sun.
6. Observe the distance between those walking along the ice not less than five meters.
7. A backpack or a box with gear and supplies is better to drag on a rope two or three meters behind.
8. To check each step, the fisherman should have a plow, which should be probed not directly in front of him, but on the side.
9. Other anglers should not be closer than three meters.
10. It is forbidden to approach the areas where there are frozen seaweed or snags.
11. Holes in the river crossings can not be done (on the paths), and it is forbidden to create several holes around it.
12. To save, you must have a cord with a load, a long pole or a wide board, something sharp (hook, knife, hook) so that you can catch on to the ice.

Water objects are able to both beautify and enrich the life of a person, and take it away - it is necessary to remember this.