Types of speech in the Russian language. Types and styles of speech

Speech is a form of communication that has developed between people for a very long time. In each language, it is characterized by a specific specificity and certain rules. And in order to competently speak and express your thoughts, it is necessary to know what kinds of speech exist in Russian.

External speech

There is an extended classification, and there is a minimum. I would like to pay attention to the first case of the second of these. So, this is external speech and inner speech. What concerns the first? It includes such types of speech in Russian as oral (monologic and dialogical) and written. Everyone knows that such a dialogue is communication between several or two people. A monologic speech is a statement of information only one person. By the way, all these are also kinds of direct speech. After all, the presentation is from the first person, not retelling. And, finally, a couple of words about writing. This is also a kind of monologue, only slightly more developed. This is due to the fact that there is no feedback from the opponent.

Inner speech

This is a very special kind. Inner speech is a kind of planning phase, both in theoretical and in practical activities. It is for this reason that features such as fragmentary and fragmentary characterize it. But at the same time, there are absolutely no misunderstandings that can sometimes appear in the process of perceiving the situation. To move from internal speech to external speech, we must try to open the topic as clearly as possible so that it can be understood by the interlocutor.

Contemporary literary language

The basis of any culture is literary language. Speaking about the types of oral speech, you can not deprive him of attention. It is he who is the highest form of manifestation of culture. Literary language absorbed all the best from the diverse Russian language, and in spite of the fact that with the passage of time it changes and will continue to undergo changes, all its wealth - syntactic constructions, turns and words - will continue to exist. What about the literary style of speech? Perhaps it is cleared of vernacular, dialects and jargon. There are no casual, illiterate and temporary words - only the most valuable norms work in the literary language. Although, if we talk about the present, it is fair to say that it has acquired a certain multifunctionality. Literary language began to be used practically in all spheres of activity (both in public and in individual) - for mastering experience, transferring certain data, expressing feelings and emotions. Today, the literary style of speech is most often used by representatives of such fields of activity as the media (television, radio and print), cinema, law and education.

Conversational style

It occupies a special place in such classification as the types of speech in the Russian language. There are many reasons for this. Firstly, it occurs most often in our life, since it is used in absolutely different types of everyday household relations. Speaking is an important place in people's lives. It's a style of speech that we use every day. For the colloquial style of speech, the first thing to do is ease. From the book-written language it is distinguished as a form (here there is a dialogical oral speech), and specific features. Speaking style is characterized by a certain simplicity, unpreparedness and immediacy. There is no normalization, but there are some rules that apply to the way people communicate with one or another person. This can be seen if you compare the conversation of close friends and family conversation at the table.

Forms

A few words should also be said about the types of speech in the Russian language. The first thing is worth mentioning speaking, that is, if you express yourself scientifically, the sending of sound signals for the purpose of conveying information. The second kind is hearing, perception of these data and their awareness. The third type is a letter, that is, a way of conveying information with graphic symbols. And, finally, reading is the reproduction of the written. Also worth mentioning about the basic elements of speech technology. First of all, this is a diction. The correct skills of voice education are also important. And, finally, speech breathing (phonation). All this in combination influences the formation of literate speech. In addition, a person who owns all of the above, you can more easily and quickly understand.

Scientific style of speech

Also plays a huge role in the field of communication and communication. Its basis is the written form of speech. After all, scientific style is used primarily to convey information to people in the process of public appearance of an official nature, to defend dissertations, reports and other written works, at conferences, etc. That is, unlike speaking, such performances are planned and, accordingly, in order to demonstrate really good possession of the material, certain records are made. Using a written form, in fact, allows you to think carefully about information, fix or supplement it, work on the performance. All this in aggregate contributes to the development of thinking and the use of much more complex language constructs. As a matter of fact, this is the difference between a written speech and an oral one. Besides, all kinds of unfinished constructions, non-logical phrases and repetitions in such cases would be a stylistic error.

Expression of thoughts on writing

All kinds of speech in Russian differ in their specificity, history and features. This should be remembered when studying this topic. Types of written speech also play an important role in the formation of the modern Russian language. After all, an integral part of interpersonal communication is the formulation of quotations and a retelling of texts seen anywhere. The history of writing has brought to us three types of written speech. The first is a pictographic letter denoting the expression of thoughts with the help of drawings and diagrams. Next was the ideography - it is still used in our lives, only in Chinese writing. And, finally, the most common form is a speech letter. Here everything is simple - a person writes down what he hears and says.

Publicism

Speaking about the types of oral speech, it is necessary to note this topic with attention. Another common style is journalistic. It is used to competently inform people about any data and influence them with the aim of convincing or motivating to carry out certain actions. Not all individuals are able to submit information in this way, for this, certain character traits, perfect mastery of all speech styles, psychological skills and, possibly, a gift of persuasion are needed. Publicistic style is used mainly in the media. Today you can find a huge number of works written in this way - it's a variety of essays, satires, reports, notes and articles. In addition, many speakers and speakers use the journalistic style to present their material. However, you need to feel a fine line. After all, the journalistic style is something between scientific, formal, business and colloquial.

List of Styles

For better mastery of the material, either a list or a table is usually compiled. Speech styles can also be memorized in this way. The most used and common are scientific, journalistic, official, business, colloquial and artistic. Such a table of speech styles represents a visual image, and if it is expanded, supplemented with information on the spheres of application, characteristics and genre features, you will be able to master the topic in full. The way it is usually drawn up, you can show by the example of the two styles described above.

In general, I must say, the language is learned from the very childhood and perfect it during his life. First, there are types of coherent speech, which it is important to teach the child at a very young age, then - more complex topics. Particular attention should be given to this in school. Russian language (4th grade) is one of the most important subjects. It is necessary to study it, because the right knowledge of speech in any case will be needed for children in the future. The school program is rather complicated, it includes the study of spelling, syntax, punctuation, stylistics, semantics and much more. However, one should remember how varied our Russian is. 4 class, secondary school or graduation years - this subject must be studied at all times, developing and improving their skills.