Types of speech and speech types oratory

Who is the speaker? This is the one whose public speech has a planned impact on his listeners. Such people are valued both in service and in friendship. However, a good storyteller is not necessarily a good speaker. Household speech is only one type of public communication. Next, we will consider the types of speech in different classifications and the requirements for each of these species. This will help us answer the question of what kind of oratorical speech should be.

Types and functions of speech

1. By number of participants

Depending on the number of participants in the conversation (one or more), speech can be monologic and dialogical. Dialogue is built according to the scheme "beginner - the main part - the ending." Replicas of its participants are interrelated and flow from one another. This kind of speech is characterized by spontaneity, because the reaction of the interlocutor is not exactly known. In this fundamental difference from the monologue. Dialogue can serve the purposes of everyday communication, business conversation , etc.

A monologue can also be spontaneous, and maybe even prepared. The monologue addressed to the public should be consistent, structured. This requires additional non-linguistic means, emphasizing the meaning of the above and attracting the attention of the listener (intonation, gestures, pauses). Types of speech (monologic) differ depending on its purpose: motivating, informative or persuasive.

2. In terms of direction

Speech types are distinguished, both internal and external. External includes already briefly described above types (dialogue and monologue, including in writing). Inner speech is a preparation for activity, it is fragmentary and, like external dialogical speech, situational, not prepared. Its peculiarity is that there is no possibility of misunderstanding on the part of the interlocutor, and there is no need to use additional means to strengthen what was said.

There is also an intermediate view - it is egocentric speech, that is , it is sufficiently developed, addressed to itself and not calculated for the reaction of others. It can often be observed in children and even adults, if the situation requires careful consideration.

3. According to the form

This is oral and written. If we are talking about an oratorical speech, we are, of course, interested in the oral form.

Characteristics and types of oratory speech

Speech is an external speech in the form of a monologue, designed to influence listeners. In order for the speech to reach its goal, it must be well prepared, based on reliable sources of information; Be competently constructed, contain weighty arguments, appealing not only to logic, but also to the feelings of listeners. The content of speech should be correlated with the situation. A special role is played also by non-linguistic means, mentioned above: this is the appropriate use of pauses in speech, intonational allocation of significant parts, non-verbal signals: gesture, posture.

In oratory, the types of speech are related to its functions, the goals of the speech. So, public communication can be:

1. Socio-political

This agitation speech, speeches in the parliament, at rallies. They can be both draft and explanatory, they rely on facts and, as a rule, are impersonal. They contain economic and political vocabulary. If it is a question of speaking at a rally, then it is emotionally colored, colloquial.

2. Academic

These are lectures, reports and speeches at the conference. Usually they are scientifically designed, but to achieve a greater effect, emotionally colored vocabulary can also occur. Reports and reports should be well structured, and lectures should follow the topic and hold attention.

3. The judicial

These are accusatory and defensive speeches. They must contain investigation data, testimonies of witnesses, and their purpose is to prove (not) the guilt of the defendant.

4. Social and domestic

These are solemn, congratulatory and ritual speeches, in which the positive qualities of the "originator of the celebration" are described.

5. Spiritual

These are sermons and speeches at spiritual gatherings.

These are the main types of speech in oratory. And although not every speaker in the public can and must have the gift of eloquence and / or special preparation, for the success of the performance it is necessary to know what requirements the speech must meet, and to build it in accordance with the reason and composition of the audience.