The section "Capital and Reserves" in the balance sheet of a small company: the line code, how to calculate? "Capital and reserves" in the balance sheet is ...

Small businesses, like any other commercial firms that have the status of legal entities, are required to form an accounting statement based on accounting data. However, enterprises in the relevant status have a number of preferences regarding the completion of accounting documents. In what way are they expressed? What are the nuances of filling the most important informative blocks of financial statements - the lines in the section "Capital and reserves" in a small enterprise?

What is the accounting reporting?

First - a bit of theory about accounting. The facts about it will be useful for us from the point of view of understanding those tasks that are facing the financial services of any commercial firm.

Above we noted that accounting reporting should form enterprises in the status of legal entities. This is an important nuance, because IP, being, in terms of the legislation of the Russian Federation, physical persons, should not conduct accounting, nor should they fill out accounts on the basis of the corresponding registers. The obligations of the IP in terms of financial accounting are reduced to the maintenance of the Book of Income and Expenses.

The accounting reporting of a legal entity is understood to mean a set of information that reflects the results of the economic activity of an enterprise within the reporting period. This information is formed mainly through the indicators recorded in the accounting registers.

This type of reporting refers to the key in the enterprise along with tax and management. The information that is reflected in it is used to assess the financial condition of the firm, the prospects for its growth, the correctness of significant indicators of economic activity, as well as tax reporting. This information may be of interest to managers, owners of the company, government bodies.

An important role accounting reporting plays in the interaction of the enterprise with potential creditors, investors. Persons interested in investing in the firm will seek to consider reliable sources that allow an adequate assessment of the financial condition of the enterprise. Among those that meet these criteria to the fullest - accounting reporting. It is compiled and certified by the competent employees of the firm, sometimes - with the help of external independent consultants, capable of analyzing how correctly this or that section of the balance is filled correctly ("Capital and reserves", for example), what aspects can be improved in the reporting procedure used .

The advantage of the sources under consideration is regularity. Accounting statements can be compiled once a year and more often - depending on the requirements of the legislation, as well as the wishes of interested persons, for example, owners and creditors. Accounting reporting, as a rule, is made according to standard forms, which are approved by the regulatory bodies - in the first place, by the RF Ministry of Finance. It reflects a variety of economic indicators: asset, balance sheet, capital and reserves of the firm.

Accounting records should be correlated with primary sources, as well as registers, which are used by the financial services of the enterprise. The most important task of this type of reporting is the identification of significant facts reflecting the financial stability of the firm, the availability of certain reserves, the dynamics of revenues and expenditures.

What are the features of accounting at a small enterprise?

Accounting in enterprises belonging to small businesses can differ significantly from the corresponding procedures, which characterize the activities of medium and large firms. First of all, it is worth considering the criteria for classifying an economic entity as a small enterprise. This is the company:

• In which the authorized capital is more than 25% private;
• Which employs between 15 and 100 people, and the annual revenue is 120-800 million rubles (if the business entity has a smaller staff and turnover, it will refer to a microenterprise).

The main feature of accounting at a small enterprise is the ability to conduct it in a simplified format. It differs significantly from the general accounting scheme, which assumes:

• Filling the balance sheet, a report on financial results, as well as various annexes that supplement them;
• Registration in cases provided for by law;
• Drawing up an explanatory note to the balance sheet and a financial results report.

Among the main sections of the financial statements are "Capital and reserves" in the balance sheet. This is an information block reflecting financial indicators, the most important from the point of view of the economic efficiency assessment of the firm. The general procedure for accounting is to compulsorily complete it. Simplified also involves filling in the section "Capital and reserves" in the balance sheet. This is an obligatory component of reporting by commercial firms, despite the fact that simplified accounting procedures are characterized by a number of significant preferences for small businesses. Namely:

• The opportunity not to make out an appendix to the balance sheet and an explanatory note to it (if there is no objective need for it);
• The possibility not to include in the reporting documents figures on the economic results within the groups of articles (that is, there is no legislative requirement to specify indicators for specific items).

With regard to direct accounting, a small business can lead it both in simple form, without registers, and by standard. At the same time, a company that has the appropriate status and enjoys preferences in the simplified management of accounting, must keep in mind that the fixation of business operations must meet the criterion of rationality. A similar rule is recommended by experts to follow when compiling reports.

So, it makes sense, if possible, to concretize the indicators for individual items within the "Capital and Reserves" section in the balance sheet of a small enterprise. Let us consider in more detail how the relevant reporting area can be filled.

Filling of the section "Capital and Reserves" in the balance sheet: what information is reflected in it?

The section "Capital and Reserves" in the balance sheet is an information block, which consists of 7 lines. The task of the accountant is to reflect in them such indicators as:

• The size of the authorized capital of the firm;
• The price of the company's own shares that are redeemed from their owners;
• The amount of additional, reserve capital;
• The amount of undistributed profits or the amount of the organization's uncovered loss.

The size of the company's authorized capital is reflected in line 1310. Let's study the specifics of its filling in more details.

Authorized capital in the balance sheet: line 1310

This line of balance ("Capital and reserves") involves the reflection of the amount of the authorized capital, corresponding to that specified in the constituent documents of the enterprise. It does not matter the fact of a partial payment by one of the founders of the firm of its share. Even if any of the investors did not, in principle, pay the required amount to the authorized capital - the corresponding indicator in the section "Capital and Reserves" is recorded in the balance sheet.

To correctly fill the line in question, you should use the credit balance for account 80, which is used in the accounting registers. Next, the accountant must reflect the correct information on the company's own shares.

Own shares in the balance sheet: line 1320

Filling in the appropriate line in the "Capital and Reserves" section of the balance sheet is a procedure that can be characterized by certain features for firms in the status of JSCs and LLCs.

So, joint-stock companies, forming the reporting and reflecting data on it in line 1320, indicate information on own shares, which are redeemed directly from their holders. LLC fix information on the value of shares within the authorized capital, which are bought out, in turn, from the founders of the enterprise.

To fill in the considered line of the "Capital and Reserves" section, you need to use the data on the debit balance within account 81. Then you need to report on the information on additional and reserve capital. Let us study the nuances of this procedure in more detail.

Additional and reserve capital in the balance sheet: line 1350

The relevant information is the most important characteristic of such a source as the balance sheet ("Capital and Reserves"). What is included in them?

With respect to additional capital, it can be formed in 3 ways:

• On the fact of revaluation of assets classified as non-current;
• At the expense of income generated in the process of issuing securities (in the event, for example, the shares of the company are traded at a value exceeding the nominal value), at the expense of the founders' contributions - in the case of LLCs;
• At the expense of the restored VAT at the moment of transfer of this or that property to structure of the authorized capital.

In order to correctly reflect the figures on line 1350, it is necessary to use the information within the credit balance of account 83. The reserve capital of the enterprise is also reflected in the section "Capital and Reserves". The line code in the balance for specifying the value of this resource is 1360.

Information on the relevant form of capital in the financial statements is reflected by firms that have a reserve fund. In general, these are joint-stock companies, because they are obliged to form it by virtue of the requirements of Russian legislation. The reserve fund of AO is formed at the expense of mandatory deductions - at a rate of 5% of net profit and more. As soon as it reaches the value prescribed in the constituent documents of the enterprise, the corresponding deductions can be terminated. In this case, the size of the reserve fund should be 5% or more of the authorized capital of the firm.

Of course, LLC is also entitled to form a corresponding fund. Its magnitude and procedure for transferring capital in order to create an appropriate resource are determined in the management policy of the organization.

In order to correctly reflect the figures on reserve capital in the balance sheet, it is necessary to use the information on the credit balance within account 82. The next information block of the "Capital and Reserves" section in the balance sheet is line 1370. It reflects the data on the retained earnings of the firm.

Retained earnings on the balance sheet: line 1370

Information on line 1370 of the balance sheet should reflect all firms that have a commercial turnover. The corresponding indicator can be represented by profit or uncovered losses. In order to enter correct data into the line in question, you must use the information from account 84. You may need to transfer the debit or credit balance in the corresponding account to the balance sheet. It should be noted that by that time the enterprise balance has to be reformed. It involves closing such accounts as 90, 91, and also 99.

Another important block in the section "Capital and Reserves" in the balance sheet of a small enterprise is line 1320. It reflects the value of the company's own shares.

Own shares in the balance sheet: 1320

Information on this line can be recorded by both JSCs and LLCs (in the event that the enterprise buys out certain shares from the founders who leave the business). AO reflect in the corresponding block the value of securities purchased from their owners, LLC - shares within the authorized capital purchased from the founders.

In order to correctly reflect the information in line 1320, the accountant needs to use the data on the debit balance within account 81.

Reporting of a small enterprise: other nuances

So, we have considered how the accountant of a small enterprise is filled in Section III of the balance sheet - "Capital and Reserves". It will be useful to study additionally a number of other information characterizing the formation of accounting statements in a firm that has the corresponding status.

The legislation of the Russian Federation allows small enterprises to independently develop documents through which reports will be generated. For example, if a company does not fill out a balance sheet item ("Capital and reserves" include, as we now know, quite a few lines, and not all of them will necessarily be filled by the enterprise - in some cases, it may simply not have the necessary data) , It has the right to exclude it from those forms that are used for the purposes of reporting.

A small enterprise that uses simplified accounting methods can use registers without double entry. But this option should be used only if the relevant accounting scheme does not interfere with extracting the required information to fill such information block of financial statements as the Section "Capital and Reserves". Passive balance, as well as its asset in many cases can be correctly filled only if the accounts are considered in the context of a double entry for various business transactions.

Another nuance that characterizes the conduct of accounting at a small enterprise is the ability to reduce the total number of accounts related to synthetic ones. The fact is that firms that are larger, are obliged to apply the relevant accounts on the list, which is approved by law. On its basis, an internal corporate account plan is drawn up. In turn, small businesses in the case if accounting in them is conducted within the limited list of economic operations, has the right not to use synthetic accounts mandatory for large firms and not to approve them in the work plan. However, the available ones must fully reflect the essence of business processes. The accountant should not have any problems with how to calculate capital and reserves in the balance sheet using registers.

It can be noted that many companies in practice do not use the opportunity in question to avoid situations where information in the accounting books is missing in the accounting records to fill out an information block. But if the company is confident that such precedents can be avoided, it is entitled to use a simplified scheme for recording business transactions. For this purpose, for example, a small Book of Accounting, which is small in volume and not complex in structure, can be used.

Summary

So, we studied the essence of accounting at a small enterprise, reviewed what the balance sheet ("Capital and Reserves") is, what is included in it. Companies with the appropriate status, by virtue of the law, have the right to conduct accounting on simplified schemes, as well as to form reports with the use of less complicated registers and documents. But in the part of filling the balance sheet, small enterprises actually have a few advantages over larger ones, as significant economic indicators are fixed in the relevant information blocks. It is undesirable to ignore them when forming the reporting - the key source of information about the financial position of a commercial firm.