The profit and loss account is an example. Instructions for completing the report. Report on financial results (form No. 2)

Many Russian enterprises are required to draw up such a document as a profit and loss account. This source involves the inclusion of figures reflecting how efficiently the company works - in terms of revenue recovery and business profitability. This information can be useful for investors, lenders and partners. The need to draw up a corresponding report may also arise due to the company's obligations to provide data to state structures - the Federal Tax Service, statistical agencies. What are the characteristics of the document in question? How to make it correctly?

The essence of the report

The profit and loss account is an example of the most important document among those that form the accounting statements. It can be noted that the other source name is more common, namely, the "financial results report". This is how it sounds in many sources of law.

Sometimes a document is referred to as a "financial statement of profit and loss". Regardless of the name, the relevant source contains: monetary performance of the firm for the reporting period, income information with an accrual outcome.

Contents of the report

The legislation of the Russian Federation defines a standardized document that reflects relevant information - Form 2. The profit and loss account drawn up for it includes the following main parameters: profit (loss) on the results of the sale of goods, operating revenue and costs, income and expenses incurred as a result of Non-operating activities, the costs of the organization to produce products at full cost (or production), commercial and managerial costs, net income from sales, income tax amounts, are different liabilities, assets, net profit. In general, all this information allows us to adequately assess the effectiveness of the company's business model.

Significance of the document

The profit and loss account is an example of the most important document in terms of analyzing the effectiveness of the business model of the enterprise. This source also includes figures on which it is possible to determine the profitability of a firm or individual sections of production (sales).

The overall financial performance of the company is characterized, therefore, by the amount of profit, and also by the indicator of profitability. The first criterion can be determined based on the dynamics of sales, the leasing of certain funds, exchange activities and other activities aimed at making profit. The second one also depends on the level of costs.

Analysis of the report

The analysis of the company's profit and loss account allows you to determine how effectively management is carrying out activities within the framework of various business processes - production, supply, marketing and personnel tasks. Possession of relevant information will allow the management of the organization or, for example, investors to assess how competently the specialists and managers of the company compete, determine priorities in optimizing the development strategy of the enterprise. Profit and loss account of the company allows you to identify what factors affect the implementation of the company's business model, which the company has additional resources to improve financial performance. This information is important for both management and investors or creditors.

Report and accounting documents

Profit and Loss Statement is an example of a document that, as we noted above, is included in the financial statements. In terms of its relevance, it is comparable to a source such as the Balance Sheet. At the same time, the principles of drawing up these documents vary greatly. So, the balance sheet assumes inclusion of data as of a specific date. In turn, the profit and loss account must contain information with an accrual outcome - for the first quarter, six months, nine months, as well as the tax year.

The balance sheet and profit and loss account are all firms that conduct accounting. The main task in drawing up the first type of document is the reflection of information about the property of the firm and the sources of financing its activities. In turn, the profit and loss account records the results of the firm's activities and is used to assess the effectiveness of the business model of the enterprise. Very often, both documents are submitted to the appropriate state bodies at the same time. The noted sources are also extremely important, as we noted, for investors, as well as partner organizations planning to cooperate with the company.

Should we consider the data in the report official?

The profit and loss account is quite an official source. It is certified by the signatures of the organization's management, and therefore can not contain data that is presented with the intent of deliberately distorting the idea of how things are going in the company. In some cases, external partners are involved in drawing up the relevant document, in order to improve the quality of the analysis of the business model of the enterprise. This is carried out in the interests, first of all, of the company itself, which draws up a document - on how much the organization is responsible for the formation of this report, often the attitude to it from other market players depends.

Document structure

The general principle of structuring a report is to reflect indicators that give an idea of whether the firm is profitable or profitable. Key information relevant to this is recorded at the very beginning of the document (this is revenue, sales data, costs - including managerial).

After the basic information reflecting the efficiency of the enterprise is fixed in the document, the report contains additional indicators related to the formation of revenues or expenses - for example, interest on deposits (or, conversely, debt obligations), figures reflecting the results of business activities Firm before tax. Then the profitability of the company is calculated after payment of the necessary fees to the budget and is also recorded in the report. Thus, the final financial result is formed - net profit (or, conversely, loss) for the tax period.

Specificity of the definition of indicators for the report

What should I look for when determining the indicators to be included in a document like Form 2? The profit and loss account must, first of all, be compiled on the basis of the accrual basis. What does it mean? Revenues should accrue at the time when the buyer or customer of the organization must begin to fulfill the obligations associated with the payment of goods or services. As a rule, they arise after the products are shipped, or services are provided. Documentally, this is usually accompanied by the presentation by the customer of the required design sources.

So, now we know what Form 2 is - the profit and loss statement. Let's study now what are the nuances of compiling this document. The form of the corresponding report is standardized and recommended by the Ministry of Finance. It is necessary to prepare the document before March 30 of the year following the reporting one, if it is a question of providing data for the tax year. It can be noted that the corresponding form of the profit and loss account can be corrected by the specialists composing this document. These or other lines can be deleted (for example, if there is nothing to reflect on one or the other indicators) or, conversely, they are added by employees of the relevant divisions of the firm.

How do I fill out a report?

How to properly fill in the income statement? Form by Form 2 - the first thing that we need. It can be requested at the nearest FTS office or on the agency's website - nalog.ru. The first thing that you should pay attention to when filling in the relevant document is the total indicators in each of its lines.

It can be noted that the general information about the organization indicated in Form No. 2, in general, is similar to that recorded in the balance sheet, or Form No. 1. Among them: the reporting period, the name of the company (in accordance with the constituent documents), OKVED codes and others that are required in accordance with the form, the legal status of the company, as well as the units of measurement used in the document.

In what order can the profit and loss account be filed? An example of the algorithm for drawing up the corresponding document will be studied on the basis of the key points of Form No. 2.

In item 2110 the revenue of the organization is indicated. It represents the amount of income that arose from the sale of goods, the provision of services or the performance of work by the company that compiles the report. Of this value, you need to deduct VAT. Information for filling in the relevant item should be taken from account 90 (that is, "Sales").

In item 2120 the cost price is fixed. Information for filling it out should also be taken from account 90 (from debit). At the same time, it is necessary to exclude the costs associated with the sale (in principle, all costs, except for managerial and those related to transport-procuring activities, can be attributed to them - the form of the profit and loss account requires separate lines).

In item 2100 gross profit (or loss) is fixed. The corresponding value is calculated easily - as the difference between the indices in lines 2110 and 2120.

Paragraph 2210 specifies commercial costs. They can be the costs associated with the main types of business activities of the company, with the exception of those related to transport and procurement. Information for the relevant item should be taken from account 44 (its debit). These costs are also included in the cost shown on account 90.

In paragraph 2220, management expenses are recorded - those related to the organization of the management system in the company. This may be the administrative costs associated with leasing, payment of labor compensation to employees, transfer of appropriate taxes to the budget. The figures need to be taken from account 26 (that is, "General economic expenses"). Note that these data are included in the debit account 90.

In paragraph 2200, profits are recorded as a result of sales. Of course, it can also be a loss. To obtain the desired figures, you need to use the indicators of the income statement, which are contained in paragraphs 2100, 2210, and 2220. From the first indicator, you subtract the second, and from the resulting figure - the third.

In paragraph 2310, revenue from other organizations is indicated. Its appearance is possible if the firm invests money in the authorized capitals of other enterprises, as a result of which it receives dividends or part of the profit. This type of income is also recorded on account 91 (on a loan).

Paragraph 2130 fixes interest receivable. They can be related to the presence of bank deposits, deposits, bonds or, for example, bills. The relevant information can be obtained from account 91 (as well as the previous indicator, from the loan).

The paragraph 2330, which reflects interest to be paid, is adjacent to the figures indicated. They can be connected, for example, with loans. You can also get the necessary information from account 91 (from debit).

In item 2340 other incomes are fixed. The figures are generated from the proceeds, which is listed on account 91 (for the loan), except for VAT and other charges that are accounted for in the debit of this account, and are not recorded in other indicators that include the income statement (lines 2310 and 2320 ). In paragraph 2350, other expenses are reflected, in turn. This is the cost that is fixed on account 91 (on debit), not counting the indicators from line 2330.

In paragraph 2300, the profit (or loss) that appears before tax is fixed. To calculate it, it is necessary to add several indicators that include the form of the profit and loss statement, namely those that are reflected in lines 2200, 2310, 2320, and then subtract the sum from lines 2330 and 2340 from the resulting figure. But that's not all . From the resulting figure, you subtract the value from line 2350.

Paragraph 2310 shows income tax - for the reporting period for which the organization makes up the document in question. The source of the necessary data can be account 68 (that is, "Taxes and fees"). In the event that the firm pays a tax on PBU 18/02, items 2421, 2430, and 2450 may also be filled. What is their specificity?

Paragraph 2421 records the company's permanent tax liabilities. How? For example, if in the calculation of the profit tax discrepancies between the indicators that are included in the accounting and tax records are recorded, the difference found between them is given a permanent status. If we multiply it by the tax rate, then the corresponding amount will have to be paid by the enterprise to the budget. The corresponding obligation will be fixed on account 99. The specific figures that must be indicated in the item under consideration can be determined as the difference between the debit and credit indicators of account 99 (to be more precise, the sub-account "Permanent Tax Liabilities"). This is the specificity of filling out the document, if, for example, a firm prepares tax documents, a balance sheet and a profit and loss account simultaneously.

Items 2430 and 2450 reflect deferred tax liabilities. If a firm takes into account revenue or costs in one period, and taxation must be in the other, then the corresponding figures form a temporary difference. The profit tax acquires the status of a deferred obligation. Information for the marked items can be taken as from account 77, for example, from account 09.

Paragraph 2460 includes other information. Here, information relating to other amounts that affect the size of the firm's profits can be recorded. This can be various penalties, fines, overpayments.

In item 2400 the net profit of the organization is reflected. The corresponding figures can also fix the loss. In order to get them you need to subtract the sum of the indicators of items 2410, 2430, and 2450 from line 2300. After that, subtract the value from line 2460.

Paragraph 2510 fixes the result from the revaluation. It reflects the results associated with the revaluation of various non-current assets. In item 2520 the result from other operations is fixed. The relevant line reflects information that is not taken into account by the author of the report in the previous paragraphs. In item 2500 the financial result for the tax period is determined. It is determined by adding the indicators in lines 2400, 2510, and 2520. If the company operates as a joint-stock company, lines 2900 and 2910, reflecting profit or loss per share, must also be filled.

Features of work with the document

The completed profit and loss account (a form with all entered figures, as well as signed by the head of the firm) is handed over to the territorial division of the Federal Tax Service at the location of the activity of the enterprise.

In some cases, a simplified document is possible. Its structure involves specifying a smaller number of figures - by groups of individual articles, but without particular details of certain indicators. This opportunity is open to small businesses. Analysis of the report on profits and losses of large businesses, in turn, involves the study of a large number of different indicators. This is necessary to carry out an objective assessment of the effectiveness of the organization's development model - managers, investors or creditors.