The republics are unrecognized and partially recognized. How many unrecognized republics are there in the world?

Unrecognized republics are scattered all over the world. Most often, they are formed where the political and economic interests of modern powers that dictate either world politics or a regional one come into contact. Thus, the countries of the West, Russia and the growing weight of China today in this political game are the main actors on which it depends whether the newly created republic will be recognized or will remain a "persona non grata" in the eyes of most countries in the world.

Definition of term

What are unrecognized republics? This term means public entities that independently announced their withdrawal from the other state and declared their independence. The difficulty arises in the fact that these newly emerged republics are not recognized from the point of view of diplomacy, that is, most of the world's countries do not accept them for independent states, but are simply considered part of some other countries. However, from the political point of view, they have all the features of independent republics.

Characteristics of independent states

Sovereign states must have at least five basic characteristics:

- name (officially fixed in the legal acts and laws of the self-proclaimed republic);

- State symbols (coat of arms, flag, anthem, sometimes even the Constitution);

- population;

- government bodies, all three branches of power - legislative, executive, judicial (they are often concentrated in the same hands);

- The army.

The process of recognition of states

The international legal basis of relations between unrecognized states among themselves and the world community is laid spontaneously. In this connection, at the suggestion of experts, the process of "recognition" of the republics should be considered in a three-tier formula: de facto, de jure, diplomatic recognition. Most often these are not just links, but the steps that are being taken by the newly created states.

The first step - de facto - means that a particular country declared its independence and meets all the characteristics of the state in international law.

The second step is de jure. In this respect, recognized powers can have bilateral relations with various states, while unrecognized republics may be the second party. Russia and other countries of the world this phenomenon is familiar. For example, in the twentieth century, the United States legitimized relations with Taiwan unilaterally by issuing a special law.

The third step is the conclusion of official interstate relations through consulates and embassies. This is the highest degree of international recognition of the created states.

History

On the political map of the world there have long been states that are recognized not by all countries of the world (in terms of diplomacy), but they have all the signs of independence. An example of one of the first unrecognized states of modern diplomacy is Mangzhou-Go, created by Japan in 1932 in China.

After the end of World War II, in all parts of the world, republics that are not recognized or partially recognized by the world community begin to emerge . These included the former colonial possessions of the metropolitan countries, located mainly in Africa and Asia.

The largest increase in the number of unrecognized states began in the 90s of the 20th century. From now on, they can be called "unrecognized", "de facto", "separated", "self-proclaimed", etc.

Ways of occurrence

Unrecognized republics of the world have a different history. But their formation, as a rule, passes through similar scenarios. Thus, if we study the world political practice, we can name five main options for the development of events:

1. As a result of revolutions. The most striking example is the formation of republics after the October coup in the territory of the former Russian Empire.

2. As a result of the national liberation struggle. This includes self-declared unrecognized republics that declared their independence as a result of declarations, laws or interstate treaties. Such self-proclaimed states include the United States, the countries of the former USSR, and others.

3. As a result of the post-war division. For example, after the Second World War, Germany and the Federal Republic of Germany were formed on the territory of Germany. As a result of the civil war, the DPRK and the Republic of Korea were formed on the Korean peninsula. The peculiarity in this case is that initially two or more created states do not recognize each other's independence.

4. As a result of the independence of the former colonial possessions of the metropolises. A vivid example is the former colonies of the British Empire.

5. As a result of geopolitical games of recognized states. These are the so-called buffer zones or "puppet states" - the Far Eastern Republic, the Independent State of Croatia, etc.

Typology

All the unrecognized republics can be divided into types according to one or other criteria. Determining in this case is the nature of control over the territory. As a result, we have 4 types of state formations:

1. Unrecognized states that have full control over their territory. These include Northern Cyprus and Transnistria.

2. States that partially control part of their territory that are unrecognized - Tamil Ilim, South Ossetia, etc.

3. States formed under the protectorate of the international community. For example, Kosovo, legally considered part of Serbia, but actually run by the UN since 1999.

4. Quasi-states - ethnic groups that did not receive the right to self-determination. Some of the most notable in modern world politics are Kurds with a self-proclaimed Kurdistan, located on the territory of four states: Syria, Iraq, Turkey and Iran.

De facto and de jure

The entire list of unrecognized republics can be conditionally divided into 2 large categories - de facto and de jure.

De facto recognition is incomplete and expresses uncertainty about the longevity and viability of the government of such a country. In this case, consular relations may arise, but they will not be mandatory.

Recognition is de jure is final and is characterized by the establishment of equal international relations with all countries belonging to the UN. As a rule, it is accompanied by official statements and agreements.

It should be noted that at present there is no full range of characteristics in international legislation according to which a newly created state will be de facto or de jure. In world diplomacy there are only separate rules for the recognition of states.

The role of unrecognized states in international relations

Modern unrecognized republics not only have a place in the documentation of the founders themselves, but also maintain certain relationships with recognized states or other unrecognized entities.

In this regard, one must understand that, at a higher diplomatic level, some countries may be unrecognized, but at the same time, their governments can cooperate with other states. Economic trade relations can also develop. An important aspect is cooperation in the field of education.

Absolutely all these interstate relations are based on certain normative legal acts, orders, decrees and agreements.

Unrecognized republics of the world

The list of unrecognized states is quite large, it totals more than 100 points. These republics are located in 60 countries of the world. The list includes partially recognized, unrecognized and partially unrecognized states.

The first include those whose independence is recognized by only a few Powers. For example, Abkhazia, recognized by only six countries, or the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which was recognized only by Turkey and Abkhazia.

The second group includes self-declared countries that have not been recognized by any state - Somaliland, Puntland, the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and others.

A partially unrecognized state can be called one whose independence is recognized by most of the UN member states, but other countries do not take such a step. For example, Armenia is not recognized by just one state - Pakistan, Cyprus - Turkey, and the Republic of Korea - the DPRK.

The unrecognized republics of the CIS, or rather located on the territory of the Commonwealth countries, continue to fight for their recognition, beginning with the collapse of the USSR. As an example, we can cite Abkhazia. After Georgia announced its withdrawal from the Soviet Union, it participated in a referendum on joining the SSG (Commonwealth of Sovereign States), whose formation was disrupted by the Emergency Committee in August 1991, but to this day Abkhazia is a partially recognized state. Besides it, it is possible to name still the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.

How many unrecognized republics are there in the world? More than a hundred! Will it be less in the near future - the question is very complicated. Probably not. Today, the problem of unrecognized states is one of the most acute, and disputes over the recognition and non-recognition of individual entities do not cease for a day. The fact is that after the USSR was defeated during the Cold War, the West considered that only he had the right to act as a justice of the peace, including with regard to the recognition of states as such. However, modern economic and political realities show that the West is no longer the hegemon in resolving this issue, so the fact of Crimea joining the Russian Federation, the declaration of self-proclamation of the NDP and the LNR are so sharply met in the Old World, and especially in the USA.