The nature of the Moscow region, its diversity and protection

The main feature of nature in Moscow and the Moscow region is the geographical location.

Landscape

The Moscow region is characterized mainly by a flat relief. In the western part, the hills rise to over one hundred and sixty meters. The eastern part is mainly a wide lowland.

From the south-west to the north-east stretched the boundary of the Moscow glaciation. To the north of it the glacial erosion form predominates, which is adorned with moraine rows. To the south, only an erosive relief shape is common.

Climate

Features of the nature of the Moscow region defines a moderate climatic belt. Because of the pronounced seasonality in the summer, warm weather prevails, and the winter is moderately cold. One can observe an increase in continentality from the north-west to the southeast. Over a period of 120 to 135 days, the average daily temperature is below 0 degrees Celsius. This time lasts from mid-November to the end of March. The nature of the Moscow region is adapted to the average annual temperature, which ranges from 2.7 to 3.8 degrees Celsius.

Rivers

All the flowing reservoirs of the Moscow region are directly related to the Volga Basin. The Volga itself circumambulates only a small part of the territory in the place where the border with the Tver region lies. In the northern part, there are tributaries of the Volga, and in the southern part - tributaries of the Oka River, which is the first and second largest tributary after the Volga in the Moscow region. To the basin of the Oka also include the tributaries of the Moscow River, which encircles a significant part of Meshchera.

The total number of rivers in the region is more than three hundred. Their length is more than ten kilometers. Each of them has a calm current, well-developed valley, floodplains. The most significant is snow nutrition. The period of high water falls for the period from April to May. In summer, the overall water level is relatively low, rising only in the case of prolonged rain. From November to April the rivers are covered with ice. Only the largest ones are navigable: the Oka, the Volga and the Moscow River.

Vegetation

In view of the fact that the Moscow Region is located in the forest and forest-steppe zones, dense forests occupy about forty percent of the total area of the territory. The northern part is represented by the Upper Volga lowland, the western part is represented by the Mozhaisky, Lotoshinsky, and Shakhovskoi districts. In this area, the coniferous forest has spread , the main part of which is the spruce forest. The nature of the Moscow region in the Meshchera area is represented by pine forests. In the marshy lowland one can find isolated alder forests. In the central and small part of the eastern territory, there are coniferous and broad-leaved trees. The basis is made of spruce, pine, birch, aspen.

In the undergrowth, hazel, also called hazelnut, prevails. The diversity of the nature of the Moscow region is explained by the existence of many subzones. If the center is dominated by coniferous trees, then to the south are located broad-leaved forests. This includes oak, aspen, as well as elm and maple with sharp leaves. Such a transition zone, like the Moskvoretsko-Oka Upland, is rich in large spruce forests. A vivid example of this is the upper reaches of the Lopasni River. The Oka Valley is covered by a pine forest, inherently characteristic of the steppes.

On the southern outskirts, which includes the Serebryano-Prudsk region, the forest-steppe zone prevails. Due to the fact that each plot of land is plowed, the natural natural complex is not preserved even by fragments. Only rarely can you find a lime or oak grove.

In view of the fact that since the eighteenth century forests have been subjected to intensive felling, the nature of the Moscow region has changed in the ratio of tree species. The coniferous (in particular, spruce) forest was replaced with small-leaved forest, which is represented by birch and aspen. To date, each forest has a water conservation value, so cutting is almost not conducted. Rehabilitation works are being carefully carried out, in an intensified mode - in the vicinity of Moscow's immediate vicinity.

The swamps are widespread in the Shatursky and Lukhovitsky districts. Most of them in the eastern part. Natural floodplain meadows are almost never found. The number of aboriginal plants is sharply reduced, but green representatives of other species, for example, the maple of the American, the cow-borshevik Sosnovsky, the catchment area of the ordinary species, are multiplying more and more. The nature protection of the Moscow region is extremely important, since many plants are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. This includes a walnut, a Venus slipper and others.

Animal world

The class of mammals in this area is represented by badgers, beavers, squirrels, otters, muskrats, ermines, raccoon dogs, hedgehogs, hares (hares, hares), shrews, weasels, foxes, moose, wild boars, roe deer, moles, rats (black, gray) , Forest martens, mice (forest, yellow-throated, field, brown-headed, mouse), forest mice, mink, deer (noble, spotted, maral), muskrat, voles (red, gray, plowed, water, housekeeper), black ferrets . The diversity of the nature of the Moscow region is not limited to these species. On the borders you can meet a bear, a lynx, a wolf. In the southern part there are gray hamsters, speckled ground squirrels, hamsters, stone martens, ferrets.

Some areas boast strong populations of atypical animals for the area. These include flying squirrels, American flying squirrels, Siberian roe deer. Presumably, these species of mammals were imported from other areas. In the suburbs, there are more than a dozen species of bats: night-beet (common, mustached, pond, water), bat (forest, dwarfs), vespers (red, small, giant), bicolored leathers, brown ears.

Winged Fauna

Ornithological complex is more than one hundred and seventy species of birds. There is a large number of woodpeckers, thrushes, hazel grouses, bullfinches, nightingales, corncobs, chibis, white storks, gray herons, gulls, greens, ducks, ogareys. There are a lot of sparrows, forty, crows, as well as other representatives of birds living in the middle band of Russia. More than forty varieties are referred to as hunting.

Water inhabitants

The nature of the Moscow region is rich in water bodies, in which a great variety of fish live (ruff, carp, bream, perch, roach, rotan, pike-perch, pike).

The class of insects has a large number of varieties. For example, only bees number more than three hundred subspecies. Inhabit here and the "inhabitants" of the International Red Book.

Amphibians

Six species of reptiles are rich in the nature of the Moscow region. Some of them could be found in school textbooks. These are lizards (including fragile, spindle, viviparous, prone), snakes (ordinary vipers, snakes ordinary, copper coins). There is also information that there are small populations of marsh turtles in the area. The class of amphibians is represented by newts (common, combed), toads (gray and green), frogs (grassy, pointed, lacustrine, pondaceous, edible), common scabbards, red bellies.

Security

The national project "The diversity of nature of the Moscow region" is called upon to draw attention to objects of national heritage, having a special environmental, cultural, scientific significance.

It must be remembered that in the conditions of severe anthropogenic impact on biocomplexes it is necessary to preserve and preserve their uniqueness. Specially protected areas have been created for this purpose. These include the Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve (where the bison is under special protection), the Losiny Ostrov National Park, as well as the Zavidovo Game Reserve and the federal sanctuaries.

The project "Diversity of nature of the Moscow region" disseminates information on specially protected natural areas, belonging to the national heritage. Such complexes are separate parts of both the terrestrial and water surfaces, as well as the spaces above them. They are withdrawn from industrial and economic use by state power, and a special security regime operates here with the decision of special bodies.

Monuments of nature

Specially protected areas are irreplaceable biocomplexes. Monuments of nature of the Moscow region include more than eighty objects. In homesteads, barrows, small bird colonies, some parts of steppe colonies, parts of valleys, individual ravines, beaver colonies, places where birds nest, small lakes, settlements, small forest plots, river old men operate a regime aimed at preserving their natural state . All of them are withdrawn from land use and are regulated by the land legislation of the Russian Federation.

Each such corner of nature has its own passport, which contains information on the name, location, level of subordination, boundaries, security regimes, permissible uses, as well as contact details of the owners of land plots on which natural complexes are located and information on persons who have taken on Responsibility for preserving the biocomplex.