Sex and age structure of the population of Russia

The age and sex structure of the population of Russia is a system in which citizens are divided into categories by the number of years lived and gender. It is formed under the influence of specificity of reproduction and migration processes. Let's consider further features of the sex and age structure of the population of Russia.

General information

Sexual structure is a division of the population into men and women. In general, the number of the first on the planet is greater. Basically, this indicator is achieved at the expense of Asian countries. In them for every thousand women there are 1042 men. The reverse situation in Europe. Age structure is a system of separation of people depending on the number of years they have lived. A variety of classifications are used for the measurement. For example, the oldest Chinese system distinguishes people:

1. Young - up to 20 years.
2. At the age of marriage - up to 30 liters.
3. Being in the period of performing public duties - up to 40 years.
4. At the age of knowing their delusions - up to 50 liters.
5. Stay in the last creative period - up to 60 years.
6. At the desired age - up to 70 liters.
7. The old - after 70 years.

Factors of the age and sex structure of the population

The indicators that exist today are the result of environmental, economic, socio-political processes. In the postwar years there was an intensive aging of the population. In its composition, the proportion of older people began to predominate. According to the UN classification, the country in which 7% of people over 65 years of age live from the total number of citizens is considered old. The age and sex structure of the population was violated during the Great Patriotic War. At present, the imbalances are somewhat smoothed out and manifest only in groups consisting of citizens over 70 years of age. The ratio of women and men today is 53% to 47%, respectively. These disproportions negatively affect the reproduction process, hinder the normal creation of families.

Territorial feature

The age and sex structure of the population in urban areas differs from that observed in villages. This is confirmed by statistical data. Thus, in urban settlements, the number of men under the age of 25 is greater than that of women of the same age. Another situation in the countryside. Here, there are more men than women in all groups over 50. This is mainly due to the high proportion of the prevalence of the latter at a young age in the rate of migration from rural to urban areas during the post-war years. In older groups, the number of women is larger than the number of men. At the same time, with increasing age, this disproportion is increasing. Men after 70 in 2.3 in the city and 2.5 in rural areas are less than women.

Pyramids

The age and sex structure of the population is investigated in dynamics. For this, the so-called pyramids are formed. Let us consider the specifics of their construction:

1. On the vertical axis the age is counted: one-, five- or ten-year groups.
2. The number of categories is displayed as rectangles. They are arranged one above another to increase the age. Men's groups will be on the left, women's on the right.
3. The size of the rectangles determines the strength of the composition. Relative values can be used instead of absolute indicators.

The meaning of the pyramids

Due to the graphic analysis, the changes that the gender and age structure of the population are exposed to are presented in relation to demographic processes. The pyramids allow us to clearly see the level of influence of wars, a decrease in the birth rate relative to the number of individual groups in the form of "failures." Along with this, graphical schemes make it possible to explore other structures (ethnic, for example, the state of the number of citizens in a marriage, etc.). In addition, future trends in reproduction and probable prospects for changes in the number of women and men are determined.

Specificity of the diagram in the Russian Federation at the beginning of 2008

Analyzing the pyramid of sex and age structure, it can be noted that at birth, the proportion of girls and boys is approximately the same. In older groups there are disproportions, and women predominate. The fall in the birth rate, as noted above, is presented in the form of depressions. Mortality leaves a trace on the pyramid only in the form of a violation of the proportion of the sexes and a change in the shape of the configuration. The first trend is observed only in older groups. The numerical advantage of women is noticeable already after 40 years.

Practical application of knowledge

Analysis of the relationship with reproduction is one of the most important aspects of using the information of sex-age pyramids. It is worth noting that this connection was noticed long ago. Back in the late 19th century. Swedish demographer Sundberg began to use the concepts of stationary, progressive and regressive types of age structure. Today the following regularity is observed. The proportion of the elderly population is increasing, and the number of children is decreasing. This situation is currently observed all over the world. The growth of the population of the retirement age must be balanced by sufficient replenishment of children's and young groups. This is necessary not only to ensure sustainable reproduction, but also to maintain the number of able-bodied citizens. In this connection, a rule was formulated on the optimal structure of the population. Domestic demographer Urlanis proposed the following ratio: children - at least 20%, the elderly - no more than 15%, adults - at least 65%. Such shares form the optimal composition of the population. In this case favorable conditions are created for sustainable reproduction with a small increase.

Load on able-bodied citizens

This concept is used in demographic and labor statistics. This load is determined by the ratio of the shares of the able-bodied and inoperable population. The indicator will be considered optimal if the proportion of the former will be twice as high as the number of the latter. In other words, the ratio should be 66-70% workable at 30-34% inoperable. Simply put, for every one thousand "breadwinners" there should be no more than 500-600 "dependents". Such a ratio will ensure the necessary quality of life for all generations.

Questions for control

After reading the information above, you can check how well it was learned. For this you can answer several questions:

1. What are the features of the sex and age structure of the population?
2. What causes imbalance?
3. What is the "burden on the able-bodied population"? What is its optimal indicator?
4. What are the features of the sex and age structure of the population of Russia?
5. How are the proportions of men and women related to the territory of residence?

Conclusion

Information on gender and age structure is obtained in the process of the population census, special surveys and current analysis of demographic events. All this information is necessary for the subsequent study of socio-economic processes in the country. Knowing the specifics of the structure of the population in a particular period, it is possible to predict the level of mortality and fertility, the likelihood of problems in the social and economic sphere, the demand for those or other types of products or services.