What is the form of social economy, basic concepts

представляет собой специфический способ осуществления трудовой деятельности людей. The form of public economy is a specific way of carrying out people's labor activity. It reflects the structure of social needs and affects the distribution of available resources.

Relevance of the issue

For each economic system, its specific characteristics are characteristic. At the same time, the historical path of humanity shows that at some stage of development, embracing different social and labor models, some common features remain. . In particular, forms of a public economy - natural and commodity are shown.

Some researchers consider them to be opposite to each other. Other authors hold the position that they have a common economic basis - individual ownership. In addition, they point to the existence of a single goal, which is to meet the needs of the owner of property and his family. . The latter, nevertheless, point to a number of features on which these basic forms of social economy differ. Let us consider them in more detail.

Natural form of public economy

It is considered historically the first way of carrying out the labor activity of a person. появилась в глубокой древности, в эпоху формирования первобытнообщинного строя. This form of social economy appeared in ancient times, in the era of the formation of the primitive communal system. At that time, cattle breeding and farming arose. They were the first branches of the national economy. Such activities existed among the primitive population, who did not know the notions of "division of labor," "private property," and "exchange."

Development in the feudal era

In the initial period of peasant dependence, the natural form was inherent in the surplus product, expressed in the form of various payments and duties. The peasant's family was engaged in cattle breeding, farming, processing raw materials into finished products. The economy acted as a source of production assets, labor, and consumer goods to meet the current needs of the feudal estate. It provided an increase in its reserves. Feudal domination relied on the activities of small peasant communities. They themselves produced almost all the products necessary for life. , связанные с обменом одних продуктов на другие или на деньги. The natural form of social economy is not inherent in the relationship associated with the exchange of some products for others or for money.

Historical transformation

With the advent of commodity-money turnover and an increase in the volume of production, the natural rent began to turn into a money one. стало им вытесняться. In the process of development of the form of social production, subsistence economy began to be superseded. This was due to the division of labor and intensive technological progress. These factors destroyed the isolation and traditions characteristic of the existing form of social economy. , в свою очередь, трансформировалось в капиталистическое. Commodity production , in turn, was transformed into a capitalist one. At the same time, the vestiges of the previous system still existed.

Sphere of distribution

как скотоводство и земледелие, преобладают сегодня во многих развитых государствах. Such forms of organization of social economy, as cattle breeding and agriculture, prevail today in many developed states. As for the underdeveloped countries, they employ more than half of the total population. . They act as the main forms of social economy . According to experts, this situation will continue to prevail in these states for a long time.

Many peoples of Africa, Southeast Asia, Indian tribes of America have preserved the variety of subsistence farming. In particular, fishing and hunting are common in these territories. Often they are combined in primitive ways of cultivating the land. . In developing countries, there are more advanced economic forms of social economy .

Characteristic

Among the forms that exist at present, the communal economy, private capitalist, patriarchal-natural, and small-scale production became most widespread in the developed countries. In addition, there is a state-capitalistic model. Of the above forms, the communal, patriarchal-natural and feudal economy have a natural character. The former is based on collective ownership, simple cooperation, extremely low consumption and equalization. Patriarchal-natural economy is prevalent mainly in developing African countries. It is based on private property and individual peasant labor. In this case, land usually belongs to the leaders, the church and the feudal lords. Most of the peasants lease plots or receive them on bonded terms. отличается примитивными способами обработки земли. This form of social economy is characterized by primitive ways of cultivating the land. In this case, the products are created mainly to meet the personal needs of the peasant.

In general, economically, these countries are at a rather low level. There are practically no capitalist enterprises on their territories, and there is no export sector. The main drawback of the natural form of management is that it does not allow achieving high productivity. It provides only minimal conditions for existence. That is why it was destroyed by such a powerful mechanism as production.

Forms of social economy of developed countries

At the present time, a system is quite widespread, in which products are created for the subsequent sale. имеет следующие признаки: This form of social economy has the following features:

1. Division of labor.
2. Exchange of products.
3. Openness of relations.
4. Indirect, indirect links between the creation of a product and its consumption.

Commodity production develops in accordance with the formula "output-exchange-consumption". Products enter the market. There is their exchange for other goods, and only after that the products fall into the sphere of consumption. Exchange in the market determines the economic ties between the producer and the end user.

The emergence and development of the system

Prerequisites for the emergence of commodity production are:

1. Division of labor.
2. Economic isolation of people.

The creation of products has been carried out since ancient times. Historically, the first is the simple production of artisans and peasants. In the capitalist era, the system was rapidly developing. At the same time as the product began to act not only the results of activities, but also directly the labor force itself.

Key Concepts

In production, the main element is the product. They call the blessing created by work and intended for an equivalent exchange for another utility in the market. The commodity acquires the exchange value. It expresses the ability of the product to exchange for other useful items in one way or another. The quantity will depend on the amount of value embodied in the product. From this it follows that the product has two key properties: price and utility.

Specificity

Commodity production has the following features:

1. Openness. Workers create goods not for personal consumption, but for the purpose of selling them to other people. The flow of new products goes beyond the production unit and enters the market to meet the needs of customers.
2. Division of labor. It develops depending on the deepening of specialization (isolation) of workers and enterprises of certain types of products or elements of complex products. This phenomenon is called technical progress. It, in turn, becomes more intense with the division of labor.
3. The presence of indirect links between product creation and consumption. The market confirms or does not confirm the need to produce those or other products for sale.

This form of social economy, thus, provides equilateral technical progress in modern conditions. In the process of deepening the division of labor, the intensity of the use of more modern equipment is increased. This, in turn, contributes to an increase in output. Due to increased productivity, output per capita is increasing. Together with this, the variety of products that are used in exchange increases.

Division of labor

It first arose in the process of separating livestock and agriculture from agriculture. Subsequently, the handicraft detached. After a while, the economic law of the differentiation of labor gained momentum. In accordance with it, progress depends on a qualitative division of workers' activities. This leads to the isolation and coexistence of various types of labor. As a result, there is an international differentiation (between countries), a common (between large spheres of activity - industry, agriculture, etc.), private (division within industries into sub-sectors), single (within the same enterprise for various units).

Separation of people

The combination of citizens into groups for the release of a particular product organically complements the division of labor. People choose this or that kind of work and turn it into an independent activity. Along with this, the dependence of a person on other commodity owners increases, which contributes to the need to exchange various products, establish market ties.

Economic isolation closely interacts with forms of ownership of production assets. The most complete it will be in the case when the creator of the product is a private owner. To a lesser degree, isolation is achieved in the case of the provision of property for rent. In this case, during a certain period, the user will maintain the household.

Modern realities

Currently, the market economy is based on the interaction of the public and private sectors of the economy. A modern market model, in the center of which a person is located, passes through several stages in its development. The first stage is a simple commodity production. It has the following features:

1. The existence of a division of labor as a material condition for the existence of a model.
2. Private ownership of the products of labor and the means of their creation.
3. Individual labor of the owner of production assets.
4. Satisfaction of mass needs through purchase and sale of products.
5. Establishing communication between people through the formation of market relations.

With the developed model, not only the products themselves but also the labor force act as products. As a result, market relations are universal. Achieving the system of the highest level of development is associated with the introduction of the capitalist model in the course of the initial accumulation of funds. It includes two aspects:

1. Transformation of producers in free, but not having any production facilities. This process means the emergence of a new product in the market - the workforce.
2. Concentration of monetary wealth and production assets of the minority.

Administrative-command model

This is a special form of social economy. In its essence it is very similar to the market model. It also preserves the links between production and consumption, but they are significantly deformed by excessive interference from the center.

The administrative apparatus sends instructions, issues orders, establishes standards to immediate executors. This system existed in the Soviet period. The material base was machine production and the division of labor. The key models of the system were planning and planning and normative. They were distinguished by the presence of a rigid regulating mechanism.

In the administrative-command economy, the independence of enterprises is ignored. At the same time, their activities are evaluated in accordance with regulations and plans. As practice shows, this model is effective in a crisis. However, for a long time such a system can not exist, since it significantly restricts the freedom of entrepreneurship.