Sewerage: cleaning, removal of blockages. Wastewater treatment plants, biological treatment of wastewater

Drainage systems are an indispensable component of any private household. Sewage is initially designed so that it eliminates the formation of traffic jams and congestion, which create an unpleasant smell and can disrupt the drainage system. To this end, the sewerage system is supplemented with special devices that ensure the cleaning of drains and pipes. If you properly design and perform the installation of such an infrastructure, it will last for many years without emergency situations.

Sewerage system

To date, the main material for the implementation of drainage systems on the site are high-density plastic pipes (PVC). They have become popular due to the ease and resistance to corrosion processes, and their durability in these operating conditions is not inferior to the metal counterparts. In addition, the means for cleaning the sewer in such systems are easier to implement. However, it is advisable to use cast-iron pipes, but they are more expensive.

In the finished system on the site, the water is transported through the pipes independently. To ensure the self-flow of the pipes are laid under a certain slope. Usually the sewage acts as a link between the sewage collection zones and the external reservoir or collector.

Mechanical method of elimination of blockages

A tool for performing cleaning operations in this way can be found in every home - it's a plunger and a plumbing cable. Before using these devices, you should try to get rid of slugs with boiling water. It works well on fat deposits, because of which the pipe is clogged. If this method does not help, you can apply a plunger. By simple manipulations, the sewerage is cleaned, the pipes of which must first be filled with water, otherwise the effect will be minimal.

The plumbing cable has a special handle for rotation and a spiral tip. Also there are models with an ending in the form of a brush and a brush. But it is important to remember that too rough cleaning of sewage pipes with rigid elements can damage some types of rubber and plastic products. In the course of cleaning you can intuitively determine the nature of the clog - as a rule, the cable allows you to physically eliminate traffic jams of any complexity.

Chemical cleaning

In the maintenance of plumbing communications, the use of chemicals is not uncommon. They are effective and easy to use, but you should follow the application instructions to avoid getting burns.

In addition to folk recipes in the form of soda and vinegar, you can try special preparations based on alkali and caustic sodium. The advantage of this combination is effective cleaning of the sewage system by dissolving all common types of salts, acids and fats, the concentration of which provokes the formation of plugs. The disadvantages of such a chemical include the risk of damage to PVC pipes. But the drug is allowed to service metal pipes. Specialized compositions used for sewage from plastic are developed on the basis of hydrochloric acid. Such agents cope with calcareous formations, fat, remove hair and food remnants.

Hydrodynamic sewer cleaning

This is a modern method of getting rid of congestion in sewer pipes, which is often used in private homes. The principle of operation of this technology is based on water pressure under high pressure. Accordingly, hydrodynamic sewer cleaning involves the use of special equipment. A few years ago in these operations involved complex installations on the automobile chassis. At the moment, the development of sanitary equipment makes it possible to produce small hydrodynamic aggregates that easily eliminate plugs in pipes with a diameter of 5 cm. The speed of removing the blockage is determined by the power of the machine.

Absorbent wells and soil filtration

Recently, such wells have become most in demand in providing drainage of storm sewers. According to the design, this structure is a concrete (or plastic) ring-shaped system with a diameter of 1 m, immersed in the ground. Directly cleaning storm sewage is realized due to the drainage flooring, which includes sand, gravel or sand and gravel beds. The upper part of the absorbent well is covered with geotextile. When constructing such a structure, it is important to observe the rules for the location of septic tanks - the minimum distance from the house is 2 m.

Cleaning with the use of natural materials and the participation of the soil layer is not difficult to install and provides good results in filtration. To understand its work, it should be recalled that the drains first enter a special settling tank, where they settle down, separate and undergo fermentation. Further, sewage treatment in the ground occurs. At this stage, the principle of soil filtration is fulfilled. The system uses a layer of washed gravel and geotextile. The rest of the infrastructure is also made from drainage pipes and connecting components. In the purification process, organic and mineral elements dissolve - at this stage, the bacteria retard, and the filtered effluents travel further to the groundwater.

Biological cleaning with a septic tank

If the conditions on the site do not allow the purification system to be implemented on the natural principles of filtration, then there remains one option - the installation of a biological septic, for example, aerobic. In most cases, the sewage, sewage treatment of which is carried out in this way, lasts longer due to the quality prefiltration.

The object is located underground and in its final form is a closed container divided into chambers. In one of them, a frame with useful (in terms of filtration) aerobic bacteria is provided. With the help of a special compressor, air enters the septic tank and is sprayed with a diffuser. This is the biological treatment of wastewater by finely bubbling aeration.

In suburban households, this approach is advisable to use, if permanent residence is expected. This is due to the fact that in septic tanks of aerobic type, active sludge is used, which, in the absence of drains, loses its functional qualities.

Ponds and ponds in the sewage system

Collection of rain and meltwater can also be organized in an artificial pond, after which they can be used for watering the site. In addition, some of the runoff will naturally evaporate. Slopes and the bottom of the reservoir must be provided with waterproofing.

In the event that the soil surface is weakly permeable (there is a layer of clay with silt), the water resistance will be preserved without outside intervention. If the bottom and walls of the reservoir are made of sandy base, you will have to create artificial layers of insulation - you can use the same clay or sealed film. It happens that the sewage system is arranged on a site with increased groundwater. For this reason, during periods of heavy rainfall it is important to monitor the water level - it should not overflow.

Where to place the treatment plant?

The optimal option will be a flat and free platform, which is marked by a low water level and permeable soil. These are ideal conditions for the creation of drainage treatment. But in most cases it is necessary to deal with problem areas, which, in fact, causes a variety of approaches to wastewater filtration.

When planning where to install drainage or a septic tank, it is important to take into account the configuration in which the sewage system is installed. Cleaning at the same time should exclude risks of pollution of groundwater, drinking well and residential objects. To minimize this possibility, it is advisable to leave a few meters from the building to the toilet, kitchen garden and home. In extreme cases, it is necessary to verify the reliability of the filtration system itself.