What is the economic region. Central Black Earth region: general information

The Central Black-Earth Economic Region (CECR) is quite significant in the economic structure of the Russian Federation. This is due to both the geographical location and production facilities located on its territory. Let's learn more in detail what the economic region of the Central Black Earth is. Also, let us dwell on the definition of the concept of zoning.

Economic Zoning of Russia

The economic region is a part of a country that has certain features of economic specialization, a common infrastructure, ways of communication.

The zoning is not part of the administrative-territorial division of the country, but serves as an economic-geographical term for simplifying understanding of economic interrelations, as well as more convenient opportunities for planning the further development of the region.

Twelve such entities are currently singling out on the territory of the Russian Federation . The economic region of Central Black Earth is one of them. We will talk about it in more detail.

Geographical location of the area

The economic region of Central Black Earth is located in the south-western part of the Russian Federation. The largest city and at the same time its unofficial center is Voronezh, which has a population of more than 1 million people. The Central Black Earth Economic Region includes five regions of Russia: Kursk, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Belgorod, Tambov. The largest of them is Voronezhskaya (52,200 sq. Km.), And the smallest territory is Lipetsk - 24,000 sq. Km. Km. The area of Belgorod, Kursk and Tambov regions is 27100, 30 000 and 34 500 sq. M. Km respectively.

Sometimes Orel region is also included in this region, which has a common history with other subjects of the Russian Federation, similar nuances of development and strong economic ties. But in the modern official zoning it refers to the Central Economic Area.

So, 167 700 square meters. Km - the territorial area, which has the Central Black Earth Economic Region. EGP (economic and geographical position) it is quite profitable. The district is simultaneously in comparative proximity to the capital and is widely adjacent to the state border of Russia with Ukraine. This contributes to a significant turnover in its territory, which, however, declined due to the exacerbation of relations with its neighbors.

Name

The economic region (Central Black Earth) got its name even in the times of the Russian Empire, when it really occupied a central position in the European part of the country. Currently, its official name does not correspond to reality, since the locality is located on the western borders of Russia and is not territorially central.

The area is named Chernozem because its soil is composed of fertile black soils. The second name, which has a fairly wide circulation, is the Black Earth Region.

History

The Central Black Earth economic region of Russia has a rather interesting and long history of development.

The first settlements of modern man, found in this territory, refer to the Bronze Age. They represented the so-called Abashevskaya culture. Later in the Chernozem region inhabited many tribes: Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Khazars, Pechenegs, Polovtsians.

A significant part of the territory of this region also settled the Slavic tribes of the northerners, from which it received the name "Severschina". It became part of the Old Russian state, and after its disintegration it was an integral part of the Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversky principalities. The foundation of the city of Kursk dates back to 1032 year. It is the oldest of the existing settlements in the Chernozem region.

After the Mongol-Tatar invasion, these territories came to desolation. Here the Nogais roamed. The west of the present Central Black Earth region became part of the principality of Lithuania.

Since the XV century, a significant strengthening of the Moscow principality began, which began to transform into the Russian kingdom. Its influence began to spread to the lands of Chernozem region. Settlers resettled here to protect the southern borders of the country from the Crimean Khanate and simply in search of fertile land. At the end of the sixteenth century, the fortresses of Belgorod and Voronezh were erected, later becoming large cities, and now being regional centers.

During the Russian Empire, after the administrative reform of 1708, the Chernozem region was divided between the Azov and Kiev provinces. It can be said that during this time, beginning with the end of the XV century, the region has largely isolated itself and acquired a number of characteristic features for it. By 1880, the publishing house of statistical materials, in which the central agricultural area (the future CCHR) is allocated, includes the following provinces: Kaluga, Voronezh, Penza, Ryazan, Tambov, Kursk, Orel, Tula.

After the arrival of Soviet power, in 1928, a separate Central Black Earth region was formed with the regional center of Voronezh. It included the territories of Orel, Voronezh, Tambov and Kursk provinces. In 1934, the Central Chernozem Region was abolished and divided into the Voronezh and Kursk regions. In 1937, Orel and Tambov regions were separated from them, and in 1954, Lipetsk and Belgorod regions.

It was during the Soviet period that the industrialization of the region, the construction of large plants and enterprises, and the intensive development of agriculture, to a large extent. At the same time, economic zoning was introduced in the modern sense of the word, and the CCHR was singled out.

The modern stage

After the proclamation of the sovereignty of the RSFSR in late May 1991, the Chairman of the Armed Forces Boris Yeltsin announced the creation of the Chernozemye Association, which was designed to promote interaction and cooperation of certain regions of the region. By 2010, the association included 10 regions, 5 of which are not included in the CCHR, although they are in close proximity to it.

In the dashing 90s, like the rest of Russia, the region was going through hard times: production was declining, many enterprises were closed. This was due to the nuances of the transition period from the planned economy to the market economy. But since the beginning of the 2000s, the economic situation of the Central Black Earth region has improved significantly, although its full potential is still far from being fully utilized.

Population

The population of the Central Black Earth Economic Region at the moment is about 7800 thousand people with a density of 46 people per square meter. Km. A significant number of people live in cities - about 70%, and only 30% of the population are rural residents.

The most inhabited region of Chernozem is Voronezh. Its population is 2.3 million people, of which more than 1 million are Voronezh itself. The least of all inhabitants is Tambov region - 1.05 million people. The population of Belgorod, Lipetsk and Kursk regions is 1.6, 1.2 and 1.1 million people. respectively.

The highest population density in the Belgorod region is 57.1 people / sq. Km. Km. The smallest in Tambov - 30.5 people / sq. Km. Km. The corresponding indicators of Lipetsk, Voronezh and Kursk regions are 48.1, 44.7, 37.3 people / square. Km.

By national composition, the overwhelming majority of the region's inhabitants (more than 95%) are Russians. The number of Ukrainians does not exceed 1.5-2% of the population of the economic region. Among other national minorities, mention should be made of Armenians, Gypsies, Azerbaijanis, Turks, Jews and Yezidi Kurds. But the number of representatives of any of these ethnic groups is small - no more than 0.5% of the total number of inhabitants of the Chernozem region.

Cities

In the Chernozem region there are a large number of large settlements - cities with a glorious history.

The largest population center of the economic region is its central city - Voronezh, in which the population exceeds 1 million people. Among the other large entities, there are regional centers such as Lipetsk (more than 500 thousand inhabitants), Kursk (more than 420 thousand inhabitants), Belgorod (more than 380 thousand inhabitants), Tambov (more than 280 thousand inhabitants). The largest district center is the city of Stary Oskol in the Belgorod region. The population in it exceeds 250 thousand inhabitants.

All of the above settlements have a fairly well-developed industry and infrastructure.

Resources

The natural resources of the Central Black Earth Economic Region are truly great. On its territory is the largest in Russia and the second largest deposit of iron ore in the world - the Kursk anomaly. In addition, on the territory of Chernozem, there are deposits of apatite, bauxite, sand, limestone, clay, phosphorite, chalk, granite and many other resources. There are also deposits of gold, platinum, copper and nickel.

The main natural resource of the region is its fertile black soil. The quality of these soils, due to the high percentage of humus content in them, allows one to harvest some of the best crops in the world.

Industry

The specialization of the Central Black Earth Economic Region has a pronounced industrial-agrarian character.

Despite the diverse development of the region, the share of industry in its economy still predominates somewhat over agriculture. Leading role is occupied by the following branches: engineering, metallurgy, mining, food, chemical, energy.

Agriculture

The presence of fertile black soil contributes to the fact that the agriculture of the Central Black Earth Economic Region has a fairly high level of development. Of course, compared to Soviet times, the scale of production in this industry has significantly decreased, but, nevertheless, against the background of the rest of Russia's economic regions, Chernozemye's indicators look good.

The most developed industry is crop production. The main directions are the production of grain crops, sunflower seeds, sugar beet, potatoes and other vegetables.

Livestock production is dominated by the production of meat, milk and eggs.

Development prospects

Of course, CCHR has one of the most significant potential for economic development in comparison with other regions of Russia. There are significant reserves of natural resources in the form of one of the world's largest deposits of iron ore and a huge number of the most fertile soils - chernozems. Infrastructure and industry of the economic region is also very well developed, many objects remained as a legacy from Soviet times.

How effectively this potential will be used depends both on the leadership of the country as a whole and on regional leaders. But not to a lesser extent, the future of CCHR depends on each person living there. Only a correctly set goal and a continuous path to it can bring a truly tangible result. However, we can say that the development of the region is already on the right track.