The main artistic techniques. Artistic tricks in the poem

Why do we need artistic techniques? First of all, in order for the product to correspond to a certain style, implying a certain imagery, expressiveness and beauty. In addition, the writer is a master of associations, a word artist and a great contemplator. Artistic techniques in the poem and prose make the text deeper. Consequently, both the prose writer and the poet have only one language layer, they are not limited to applying only the superficial, basic meaning of the word. In order to be able to penetrate the depth of thought, the essence of the image, it is required to use various artistic means.

In addition, the reader needs to be lured and attracted. For this, various techniques are used, giving special interest to the narrative and some mystery to be solved. Artistic means are called in other ways by paths. These are not only inalienable elements of the general picture of the world, but also the author's assessment, the background and the general tone of the work, and much more, which we do not even think about when we read the next creation.

The main artistic techniques are metaphor, epithet and comparison. Although the epithet is often seen as a kind of metaphor, but we will not go into the jungle of science "literary criticism" and traditionally select it as a separate tool.

Epithet

Epithet is the king of the description. No landscape, portrait, interior can not do without it. Sometimes the only correctly chosen epithet is much more important than a whole paragraph, created specifically for clarification. Most often, speaking of him, we mean the participles or adjectives that give this or that artistic image additional properties and characteristics. Do not confuse the epithet with a simple definition.

So, for example, to describe the eyes, you can suggest the following words: live, brown, bottomless, large, painted, crafty. Let's try to divide these adjectives into two groups, namely: objective (natural) properties and subjective (additional) characteristics. We will see that words like "big", "brown" and "painted" convey only what anyone can see as it lies on the surface. In order that we could imagine the appearance of this or that hero, such definitions are very important. However, it is the "bottomless", "living", "evil" eyes that tell us the best about our inner nature and character. We begin to guess that before us is an unusual person, inclined to various inventions, having a living, mobile soul. This is the main property of epithets: to point out those features that are hidden from us during the initial examination.

Metaphor

Let's move on to another no less important trail-the metaphor. This is a hidden comparison, expressed in the noun. The author's task here is to compare phenomena and objects, but very carefully and tactfully, so that the reader can not guess that we are imposing this object on him. Just so, insinuatingly and at ease, you need to use any artistic techniques. Examples of the metaphor: "tears of dew," "fire of dawn," etc. Here, dew is compared with tears, and dawn - with a fire.

Comparison

The last most important artistic technique is a comparison given directly by using such unions as "as if", "as", "as if," "exactly," "as if." Examples can be given the following: the eyes, like life; Dew, like tears; A tree, like an old man. However, it should be noted that the use of epithet, metaphor or comparison should not only be for the sake of "red words". In the text there should be no chaos, it should gravitate towards grace and harmony, so before using this or that path, you need to clearly understand what purpose it is used for, what we want to say.

Other, more complex and less common artistic techniques are hyperbole (exaggeration), antithesis (opposition), and inversion (reverse order of words).

Antithesis

Such a path, as an antithesis, has two varieties: it can be narrow (within one paragraph or sentence) and expanded (placed on several chapters or pages). This technique is often used in the works of Russian classics in the case when it is required to compare two characters. For example, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin in his story "The Captain's Daughter" compares Pugachev and Grinev, and a little later Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol will create portraits of famous brothers, Andria and Ostap, also based on the antithesis. Artistic tricks in the novel "Oblomov" also include this trail.

Hyperbola

Hyperbola is a favorite method of such literary genres as epic, fairy tale and ballad. But it does not only occur in them. For example, the hyperbole "he could have a boar to eat" can be used in any novel, story and other work of a realistic tradition.

Inversion

Let's continue to describe the artistic techniques in the works. Inversion, as you might guess, serves to give the product extra emotionality. It is most often observed in poetry, but often this path also uses prose. You can say: "This girl was more beautiful than others." And you can shout: "This girl was more beautiful than the others!" Immediately, there arises both fuss, and expression, and many other things that can be seen when comparing two statements.

Irony

The next path, irony, in another way - a hidden authorial mockery, is also used quite often in fiction. Of course, serious work should be serious, but the subtext hidden in irony at times not only demonstrates the wit of the writer, but also forces the reader to translate the spirit for a while and prepare for the next, more tense scene. In a humorous work, irony is irreplaceable. Great masters of this means of artistic expression - Zoshchenko and Chekhov, who use this path in their stories.

Sarcasm

With this technique is closely related and another - sarcasm. This is not just a good laugh, it reveals flaws and defects, sometimes exaggerates, whereas irony usually creates a bright atmosphere. In order to have a more complete idea of this path, you can read several tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin.

Avatar

The next step is to impersonate. It allows us to demonstrate the life of the world around us. There are such images as grumbling winter, dancing snow, singing water. In other words, impersonation is the transfer to inanimate objects of the properties of the animate. So, we all know that only a man and an animal can yawn. But in literature there are often such artistic images as a yawning sky or a yawning door. The first one can help create a certain mood for the reader, prepare his perception. The second is to emphasize the sleepy atmosphere in this house, perhaps - loneliness and boredom.

Oxymoron

Oxymoron - another interesting device, which is a combination of incongruous. This is both a righteous lie, and hot ice, and an Orthodox trait. Similar, picked up quite unexpectedly, words can be used by both fantasy writers and amateurs of philosophical treatises. Sometimes only one oxymoron is enough to build a whole work that has both a dualism of being, an unresolvable conflict, and a subtle ironic subtext.

Other artistic techniques

It is interesting that the "and, and, and" used in the previous sentence is also one of the artistic means called multi-union. What is it for? First of all, to expand the narrative range and show, for example, that a person has both beauty, intelligence, courage and charm ... And the hero knows how to fish and swim, and write books, and build houses ...

Most often, this path is used together with another, called "series of homogeneous members." This is the case when it is difficult to imagine one without the other.

However, this is not all artistic methods and means. Let's note rhetorical questions. They do not require an answer, but they make readers think. Perhaps, everyone knows the most famous of them: "Who is to blame?" And "What should I do?".

These are just the main artistic techniques. Apart from them, one can distinguish parcellation (division of sentence), synecdoche (when the singular is used instead of plural), anaphora (similar beginning of sentences), epiphora (repetition of their endings), litotus (understatement) and hyperbole (on the contrary, exaggeration), periphrasis (when Some words are replaced by a brief description, all of which can be used both in poetry and in prose.The artistic devices in the poem and, for example, the story, do not differ in principle.