The analysis of words by sounds. Schemes and examples

In the process of schooling the Russian language, students are introduced to various types of analysis. This is a lexical analysis of the word, and an analysis of the composition and methods of education. Children learn to disassemble the proposal for members, to identify its syntactic and punctuation features. And also to produce many other language operations.

Justification of the topic

After repeating the material covered in the primary school, students of the 5th grade begin the first major section of linguistics - phonetics. The completion of his study is the analysis of words by sounds. Why with phonetics does serious and deep acquaintance with native speech begin? The answer is simple. The text consists of sentences, sentences - from words, and words - from sounds, which are those bricks, building material, the primary basis of the language, not only Russian, but any. That is why the analysis of the word on sounds - the beginning of the formation of practical skills and abilities of school students in linguistic work.

The concept of phonetic analysis

What exactly does it include, and what do students need to know in order to successfully cope with phonetic tasks? First, it is good to be guided in syllabic division. Secondly, the analysis of words by sounds can not be performed without a clear distinction between vowels and consonant phonemes, paired and unpaired, weak and strong positions. Thirdly, if it (the word) includes iotirovannye, soft or hard elements, doubled letters, the student should also be able to navigate, which letter is used to refer to a particular sound on the letter. And even such complex processes as accommodation or assimilation (assimilation) and dissimilation (disintegration) should also be well studied by them (although these terms are not mentioned in the textbooks, nevertheless, the children become acquainted with these concepts). Naturally, the analysis of words by sounds can not be made if the child does not know how to transcribe, does not know the elementary rules of transcription. Therefore, the teacher should seriously and responsibly approach the teaching of the "Phonetics" section.

Theoretical recommendations

What is a scheme for parsing a word by sounds? What stages does it include? Let us examine this in detail. To begin with, the token is written out of the text, a "dash" is put, after which it is spelled again, only divided into syllables. It is stressed. Then the square brackets are opened, and the student should transcribe the word - write it as it is heard, ie, reveal its sound envelope, indicate the softness of phonemes, if any, etc. Next under the transcription option, skip the line, hold down Vertical line. Before it in the column all the letters of the word are written down, after - in the square brackets the sounds are given and their full characteristic is given. At the end of the analysis, a small horizontal line is drawn and, as a summary, the number of letters and sounds in the word is noted.

Example one

How does all this look in practice, that is, in a school notebook? First we make a trial analysis of the word for sounds. Examples of analysis will provide an opportunity to understand many of the nuances. We write down: a blanket. We divide into syllables: on-kry-va'-lo. Transcribe: [Pakryva'la]. We analyze:

• N - [n] is a consonant sound; it is deaf, pair, pair - [b], solid;

• O - [a] is a vowel sound, unstressed ;

• K - [k] - sound according to, he is deaf, paired, [pair - g], hard;

• P - [p] - sound consonant, sonorous, therefore unpaired in voiced, hard;

• S - [s] is a vowel, in this position unstressed;

• В - [в] - this sound is sound, is sonorous, its pair - [ф], hard;

• A - [a'] - a vowel sound, in a shock position;

• L - [l] - this is the sound according to the sonoristic, therefore unpaired, solid;

• O - [a] - consonant, unstressed.

Total: 9 letters in the word and 9 sounds; The number of them completely coincides.

Example of the second

Let's see how to parse the word "friends" by sounds. We act according to the scheme already outlined. We divide it into syllables, put emphasis: dr-zya'. Now we write down in the transcribed form: [druz'y'a]. And we analyze:

• Q - [q] - consonant, it is sonorous and is pair, the pair - [t], solid;

• P - [p] - according to, sonorous, sonorous, unpaired, hard;

• Y - [y] - vowel, unstressed;

• S - [s'] - acc., Is sonorous, has a deaf couple - [c], soft and also paired: [s];

• B - sound does not mean;

• I - [d '] - half-voiced, sonorous always, therefore unpaired, always soft;

• [A'] - vowel, percussion.

In this word 6 letters and 6 sounds. Their number coincides, since b does not mean sound, and the letter H after the soft sign denotes two sounds.

Example Three

We show how to parse the word "language" by sounds. You know the algorithm. Write it out and divide it into syllables: i-zyk. Transcribe: [y'izi'k]. Disassemble phonetically:

• I - [d '] - half-voiced, sonorous, unpaired always, only mild;

• [A] - this sound is vowel and unstressed;

• S - [s] - acc., Voiced, pair, pair - [s], solid;

• S - [s'] - vowel, percussion;

• K - [k] - consonant, deaf, doubled, [r], hard.

The word consists of 4 letters and 5 sounds. Their number does not match because the letter I stands in the absolute beginning and stands for 2 sounds.

Example Fourth

Let's see what the analysis of the word "protein" looks like in terms of sounds. After he is discharged, produce a syllable: protein. Now transcribe: [б'э'лка]. And make an alphanumeric analysis :

• B - [b '] - according to, sonorous, paired, [n], soft;

• E - [e'] - vowel, percussion;

• L - [l] - according to, sonorous, unpaired, in this case solid;

• K - [k] - relative, deaf, doubled, [r], solid;

• A - [a] - vowel, unstressed.

In this word, the same number of letters and sounds - by 5. As you can see, it is quite easy to make a phonetic analysis of this word. It is important only to pay attention to the nuances of his pronunciation.

Example 5

Now let's make the analysis of the word "spruce" by the sounds. To fifth-graders it should be interesting. It will help to replicate and fix the phonetic features of the iotated vowels. There is a word from one syllable, which is also unusual for students. It is transcribed like this: [ye''l ']. Now let's analyze:

• E - [d '] - half-voiced, sonorous, unpaired, soft;

• [E'] - vowel, percussion;

• L - [n '] - consonant, sonorous, therefore unpaired, in this word soft;

• It does not mean sound.

Thus, in the word "spruce" 3 letters and 3 sounds. The letter E denotes 2 sounds, since it stands at the beginning of the word, and the soft sign of the sounds does not signify.

Draw conclusions

We gave examples of phonetic analysis of words consisting of different numbers of syllables and sounds. Teacher, explaining the topic, teaching his students, should try to fill their vocabulary with appropriate terminology. Speaking about the sounds of "H", "P", "L", "M", you should call them sonorous, simultaneously pointing out that they are always sonorous and therefore do not have a pair of deafness. [Y] is not sonorous, but also only sonorous, and on this parameter adjoins the 4 previous ones. Moreover, earlier it was believed that this sound refers to consonants, but it's fair to call it semi-clear, because it's very close to the sound [and]. How best to remember them? Write a sentence with the children: "We did not see a friend." It includes all the sonorous ones.

Special cases of parsing

In order to correctly determine the phonetic structure of the word, it is important to be able to listen to it. For example, the wordform of "horses" will have this form in transcription: [lashyd'e'y], "rain" - [do'sh ']. It is quite difficult to understand the fifth-graders on their own with such and similar cases. Therefore, the teacher should try to analyze interesting examples in class and draw the students' attention to some linguistic subtleties. It deals with such words as "holiday", "yeast", ie, containing doubled or unpronounceable consonants. In practice, it looks like this: idler, [pra'z'n'ik]; Trembling, [dro'zhy]. Above "g" should draw a line indicating the duration of the sound. Non-standard here and the role of the letter I. Here it denotes the sound of N.

On the role of transcription

For what the word must be transcribed? Phonetic analysis helps to see the graphic appearance of the token. That is, to show clearly how the word looks in its sound shell. What is the general purpose of this analysis? It consists not only in comparing linguistic units (letters and sounds, their number). Phonetic analysis makes it possible to trace in which positions the same letter denotes different sounds. So, traditionally it is believed that in Russian the vowel "e" always stands in a strong shock position. However, in words of a foreign origin this rule does not work. The same applies to complex lexemes consisting of two or more roots. For example, the adjective three core. The transcription of it is as follows: [tr'iokh'a'd'irnyi]. As you can see, the shock here is the sound [a].

On the issue of leasing

Syllabeling is also a difficult question for fifth-graders. Usually the teacher focuses the children on this rule: how many words of vowel letters, so many syllables. Re-ka: 2 syllables; On-the-soul-ka: 3 syllables. These are the so-called simple cases when vowels are in the environment of consonants. The situation is somewhat more difficult for children. For example, in the word "blue" there is a confluence of vowels. Schoolchildren find it difficult to divide such variants into syllables. It should be explained to them that here the rule remains unchanged: si-nya-I (3 syllables).

These are the features that are observed in phonetic analysis.