The element of the system is what? Examples of system elements. Elements of the economic system

The development of society, the economy, the course of political processes is largely implemented according to the system principles. Their essence implies the adherence of certain elements or subjects to certain regularities, the fulfillment by them of a particular role. What is the system? What is the specificity of the components that form it?

Definition

Before considering the main elements of the system, we will determine the essence of the key category of the question. What are the opinions of researchers in this regard? In accordance with the common point of view, the term "system" is understood to mean a set of related and interdependent parts, united by a common criterion (for example, a goal). In this case, each of the corresponding parts may have a distinct independence.

Properties

The system should have the following basic properties: the presence of several elements, the presence of a common criterion that unites them, integrity, and the desire to maintain its structure. Among other important features identified by researchers: the need for external management, as well as the complex structure of the properties of internal elements (in which it is possible that the characteristics characterizing one part of the system will differ significantly from those that apply to the other).

Structure

What are the structural elements of the system? These, on the one hand, are subjects or phenomena interacting with each other, on the other - the actual results of their communications, which may be the formation of new elements of the system, and so on with increasing. Thus, the structural element of the system is a subject that can have no signs of completeness and integrity.

Specificity of the elements

For example, if it is a question of the economic system of the state, then its element may be, on the one hand, the aggregate of credit and financial organizations, on the other, the activity of the relevant structures (which may consist of conducting transactions, issuing loans, etc.). The result of communications at the level of the national economic system can be the formation, in turn, of regional, local or sectoral economic clusters, which can subsequently obtain a distinct independence with respect to the initial system.

Indivisibility of elements

It is quite difficult to single out criteria that would uniquely determine what properties and external features the elements of the economic system should possess . Some researchers propose to adhere to the concept according to which it is lawful to separate only certain parts of the system that are difficult to divide into functional varieties or additional classes due to objective criteria. So, an example of such an element in the economy may be an enterprise or, for example, the territorial representation of the Federal Tax Service.

Element independence

There is another point of view about what signs characterize the elements of the economic system. According to a number of researchers, such may be any economic entities that have a relative independence in decision-making. Thus, the territorial unit of the Federal Tax Service can not be an element of the economic system, since it is subordinated to federal government bodies. In turn, the corresponding type of subject will be the Federal Tax Service in general. Similarly, the element of the system is an enterprise, if it exists as an independent legal entity. If it is part of the holding company - such a status, if you follow the point of view in question, you will not be able to.

Types of systems

Having investigated what a system, element, structure of this category is, let us consider the popular grounds for its classification.

Thus, systems of open and closed types are distinguished. The first include those that suggest active communication with other systems. For them, there is a certain exchange - data, energy or, for example, information - with other subjects of activities. In turn, closed systems are not characterized by similar properties. Examples of open systems - society, economy, political space.

Another common criterion is the level of structuring. What does this mean? So, systems can be characterized by pronounced or weak structuredness. In some cases, these terms are identified, respectively, with a high level of organization and low. Or, for example, with a pronounced ability for self-regulation and poorly noticeable. The specific approach is determined by the researcher's preferences. There are experts who identify the concept of struktirirovannosti with the ability of self-adaptation and adjustment (to the conditions of the external environment or the interaction of constituent elements).

One way or another, systems of the first type - structured, highly organized, self-regulating and capable of self-adaptation and adjustment - include those in which the constituent elements are clearly fixed have a role. It can be noted that this feature is more typical for technical systems.

If we talk about poorly structured systems (correspondingly, characterized by a low level of organization, lack of capacity for self-regulation, adaptation and adjustment), then, in turn, the elements in them may not have specific features and unambiguous roles. However, in such systems, there are parameters and patterns that allow one to evaluate their activity. In some cases, probabilistic methods of analysis of processes are possible.

Some researchers identify deterministic and stochastic systems. What is their specificity? The first include those systems that have a fairly rigid structure. Actually, in some contexts they are considered as fully corresponding to structured (highly organized, self-regulating, adaptive, self-adjusting). However, there are a number of special criteria characterizing deterministic systems. For example, stability that persists over time. A structured system can sometimes mutate and acquire signs of a low-organized, as well as vice versa. However, if this is observed with respect to a deterministic system, then in this case it can collapse in principle. In turn, the stochastic system must always be soft, otherwise it may lose the functionality of the links working inside it (since they may not be simply calculated for the rigidity that is inherent in the deterministic system).

The next aspect that interests us is the characteristic of the elements of the system. What are the most notable concepts in this regard?

Classification of system elements

So, the element of the system is, if we follow the first point of view discussed above, a holistic, indivisible subject interacting with others that have the same characteristics. In accordance with another concept, such can be a subject characterized by a pronounced independence. But regardless of what is meant by the appropriate term, and what properties of the element of the system - indivisibility or independence - are considered paramount, in all cases one or another subject will play a certain role or even a few of them. Which, probably, will be a criterion for assigning an element to a particular class. What roles can the actors of the system perform? What attributes should they have as a result of this?

System-forming and auxiliary elements

Researchers distinguish, first of all, system-forming elements and auxiliary ones. What does it mean? For example, if we consider the elements of the banking system, then , in fact, the institution of credit and financial relations (if we adhere to the concept that independence is important) or individual banks (if we take as a basis the theory according to which the key feature of the element - indivisibility). In turn, the auxiliary elements in this case may be the supervisory authorities that verify the effectiveness of the legality of the work of key subjects - banks (if we take the first concept) or, for example, the organization that performs cash collection services (if we consider the theory of the indivisibility of the elements of the system ).

Elements of strategic and tactical significance

Another criterion for classifying the subjects in question is the duration of their activities. There are elements whose role is reduced to solving tactical tasks, but there are those that have strategic significance. If we again consider the elements of the banking system, then to the subjects of the first type can be fully attributed to the collection service. Its main task is to transfer funds from one place to another. After that, the corresponding element ceases to play its role. In turn, the strategic components of the banking system - this is obviously the credit and financial organizations themselves. However, they can also be classified in the framework of the criterion under consideration for additional varieties. So, there are the main offices of banks, which, while the corresponding brand is present on the market, will function in any case. And there are temporary offices that can be periodically opened and closed. The first will concern to strategic elements, the second - to carry out the time function.

Authority and duty for public elements

Another possible criterion, which determines which class should belong to this or that social element of the system. This assignment to the type of empowered or obligated. This category finds its basis in civil law, but it is quite applicable to many other branches of social communications. So, if we consider the elements of the financial system, then we can refer to the authorized ones those same supervisory bodies. They have the right to check financial institutions for compliance with their legislation. They can examine the banks' assets to ensure they are sufficient to secure their obligations. They have the right to revoke licenses from financial institutions in case serious violations are detected.

In turn, the obligated elements of the system of finance are already the banks themselves. Relevant organizations must report to supervisory authorities, bring their activities in compliance with legislation, provide the necessary data disclosing the amount of assets, etc.

At the same time, the authorized element of the system will almost always be simultaneously liable to some other entity. For example, the supervisory authority supervising the work of banks will, as we noted above, be empowered with respect to them, but at the same time obliged to the government of the country. In turn, credit and financial institutions are obliged in respect of supervisory structures, but at the same time can be empowered in respect of their borrowers who have taken out a loan. The citizens who have issued the loan can be empowered, surprisingly, about their own government. They have the right to demand from him fair management of the state and its various institutions, including economic. This ensures the interaction of different actors - citizens, banks, supervisory structures, the government - within the framework of a large-scale social system.