Social Capital: Relationship with Economic Settings, Views and Models of Economic Behavior

Introduction

Economic development of the country, as well as economic behavior of the population - these topics are relevant for Russia in the context of globalization. The search for the factors of optimal economic development that, in the context of the culture and historical heritage of the country, will meet global trends and will allow Russia to find its own way of development and overcome obstacles rooted in a multinational culture for scientists become a key issue. The economic behavior of the population, which constitutes one of the key conditions for the transformation of society, is due to certain socio-psychological mechanisms, forming economic attitudes and ideas and at the same time being regulated by them.

According to a number of scientists, the concept of social capital is also associated with the economic development of countries, the building of civil society, the support of political transformations, the formation of personal well-being, migration and other phenomena (see, for example, Putnam, RD (1996)) Strange Disappearance of Civic America in the American Prospect PP 7-24, Coleman, JC (1988), Social Capital of the Human Capital, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 94: PP. 95-S120., And others). Social capital, in addition to its property of accumulation as a result of use, is given the function of strengthening the action of other Capital, for example, human or economic. The examination of social capital within the framework of socio-psychological research, where the concept is understood as a system of relations, is "poorly understood": "the totality of psychological relationships that promote the material and psychological well-being of individuals and groups, without prejudicing other subjects of the economic system" (quoted on Values of Culture and Models Economic behavior ..., 2011, page 258).

Consideration of social capital as a psychological mechanism of economic behavior, will be the main task of our work. In turn, the assessment of economic behavior is measured by economic concepts and attitudes, as well as the most typical and socially important forms of economic behavior for social groups - scenarios of economic behavior, which will be discussed below.

Let us formulate the theoretical hypothesis of our study: social capital is interrelated with economic attitudes and perceptions, as well as with assessments of economic models of behavior. Moreover, taking into account the special position of Russia and the main ethnic groups that comprise it, we assume that there are differences in the interrelationships of the declared parameters among the representatives of different ethnic groups.

The work consists of two parts. The first is an analytical review of modern publications in the field of research of social capital and economics, economic behavior, we focus on the controversial points in the theory of the influence of social capital on economic realities, and identify the side factors that are highlighted in this issue. In the second part of the paper, the results of an empirical study on the stated subject are presented, possible interpretations of the obtained connections and cumulative conclusions are presented.

Theoretical review: problems of the connection of social capital and the economic reality

Considering the results of research on the stated subject, we will make a reservation that, firstly, each of them uses a specific definition of social capital, sometimes differing in content from different authors.

SOCIAL CAPITAL AND ECONOMICS

There are studies aimed at studying the influence of social capital of all kinds on economic behavior and the economic situation in the country. However, the reverse situation is also considered when economic development is an incentive for the formation of the social capital of a society.

In the beginning, we quote an extract from the reasoning by Yuan Chou (2005), which analyzes the levels of social capital's influence on socio-economic reality. The author, in the wake of his predecessors, argues that intercountry differences in the expression of social capital are largely determined by the responsibility of the state to support public relations and organizations. (Yuan K. Chou, 2005). The author emphasizes that in the process of using social capital in personal or business communication, social capital both secures existing social ties and creates their new levels. Without economic support from the state, the positive impact of social capital on society will be complicated, and economic activity often takes on a forced character [1]. State support, low level of economic capital and development (being well developed) are factors of growth and development of positive relations in the society (Ann Dale, Lenore Newman, 2010). Social capital does indeed have a high positive impact on economic development, but more often it is in countries with stable stable democracies, in those where only the emergence of economic stability occurs, social capital does not bring the necessary positive influence in the absence of support from the state (Babken V. Babajanian, 2008).

For example, Philip Mladowski and Ellis Mosyhyalos, studying the CBHI (Community-Based Health Insurance), an international program designed to control the health sector in poor countries, found that the level of social capital in society renders Significant impact on the success or failure of activities to monitor and organize health care. One of the mechanisms is called market-oriented (ie, the level of social capital). Only the number of intra-group relationships can even reduce the efficiency of activities in view of increasing corruption, client-centeredness and trends in financial transactions in an informal way, while the linking role of social capital in the form of more professional ties (with the state, non-state organizations, local government within and outside the health sector ) Is a success factor (Philipa Mladovsky, Elias Mossialos, 2008).

There are also contradictory data, according to which the elements of social capital (trust, tolerance, diversity of society), foreshadowing the emergence of civil society, influence the economic development of the region, but only under certain cultural conditions, namely, comparing West and East data in Japan (Westlund and Calidoni, 2010). The authors of a study in Japan see a possible explanation for this phenomenon in Japan's more powerful informal groups, their numbers and numbers (these possible social capital parameters were not measured in the study) -that is, those unaccounted for by one of the most powerful Influences on the behavior of the Japanese and, in fact, become dimensions of the social capital of a particular society.

In the continuation of the topic, we describe one more study of 2008 conducted by Jan Fidrmuk and Clarita Gehrkhani (2008), where as social capital measures, the authors used variables such as civic participation, trust, social network density, altruism, analyzing Results, the authors compared the results of representatives of the East and West, controlling such variables as income level, the country's economic indicators and the development of its institutions. The final results confirmed the hypothesis of the authors: the differences in the level of social capital were significant without taking into account the controlled factors and disappeared during their control. The authors draw from this the conclusion about the variation of social capital in different communities and cultures, which is determined, rather, by the level of economic development and by the weakness of all social institutions, especially the prevalence of corruption, rather than, as was generally assumed, the legacy of the communist past.

SOCIAL CAPITAL AND ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR

Wei Cheng's study on the impact of social capital on innovation, mainly in organizations, shows that the three dimensions: structural, cognitive and system of relations, together form a complex model of the impact on the innovative behavior of Chinese managers. The size of the group, the strength of the links, hierarchy, structural gaps define both the cognitive element of social capital and the amount of shared information and power among the members of the group, which in turn create favorable conditions for the deployment of innovation activity. Confidence and shared norms have a positive effect on innovation behavior, but are thus mediated, respectively, by the type of trust and the stage at which innovations are found (Wei Zheng, 2010). Similarly, Zhao Weibing showed that the structural dimension of social capital is positively associated with both the level of expression of an entrepreneurial vein and the likelihood of creating a business in the tourism industry. The measurement of the system of relations shows a positive link with the ability to entrepreneurship, but does not reveal a significant connection with the possibility of creating one's own business. The cognitive level showed no significant links in both cases (Weibing Zhao, 2011).

A laboratory experiment conducted by Bruno Fry and Stefan Meier (2004) on students at the University of Zurich focused on how social capital (namely perceived level of prosocial behavior) affects this behavior of students. For seven years, the behavior of students paying fees for their studies was monitored, while students were offered to donate a small amount to the student support fund. Students participating in the experiment were divided into groups: one group reported data on a lower percentage of donations, in another - on a high percentage, in the third - a survey was conducted on the expected level of donations. The results showed that, firstly, the higher the student's expectations about the percentage of others' donations, the more likely they were to donate to the fund themselves. Secondly, when students were informed that they usually donate to both foundations, their readiness for similar behavior increased dramatically (Frey Meier, 2004). In general, the conclusion suggests that prosocial behavior is largely determined by information about the prosocial behavior of other people or about the perception of such behavior.

Luca Kroodeli explored the economic activity in the field of rent among representatives of different countries. According to the author's data, cooperative relations are more often manifested in developing countries as economic incentives for economic behavior are considered economic opportunities and interpersonal relations, rather than a holistic concept of social capital. (Luca Crudeli, 2006).

Rai Jay Das showed how the level of poverty of the population was balanced by a high level of social capital, which does not in any way stimulate a way out of the plight, but rather supports it, as exemplified by the Indian communities, in contrast to theories about the beneficial effect of social capital on the economies of communities developed by Western researchers. The author examines the norms of reciprocity and mutual support characteristic of the poor working population of India (for example, the provision of food and things on loan or for temporary use) as a forced communication of the population, aware of the universal interdependence and instability of the situation, the practices of lending and mutual support, ensuring survival, but Not conducive to economic activity and the resolution of the plight. Communications, according to the author, matter when there is something to divide, by themselves not making the population richer or poorer. Thus, the author gives paramount importance not to social capital, but to the social status, class and material situation of the population that regulate and establish certain economic relations between people (Raju J Das, 2004).

FEATURES OF SOCIAL CAPITAL AND CULTURAL-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

It is worth noting the study devoted to the behavior of Russian managers and entrepreneurs of a new generation (receiving a Western education or often dealing with foreign colleagues) in the business environment. His goal was to explain contradictory data on the low level of social capital at the social level and very high - on the interpersonal, characteristic for Russia, that is, the identification of a culturally conditioned measurement of social capital. Using the social capital measurements proposed by Napier and Goschal (the system of relations, cognitive and structural dimension), Bela Butler and Sharon Purchas form the model of a network of relationships within Russian companies. The results of the study were data from in-depth interviews with nine owners or managers of Russian companies. The authors show that for Russian managers, the structural component of social capital is expressed in the fact that old ties in the business environment built on knowledge, power, opportunities, trust and power are maintained if they are useful, while new ties are created on the basis of Experience and reliability. In the measurement of the system of relations, the authors distinguish the characteristic importance of Russians for binding, reputation and trust. These factors allow Russians, not paying attention to figures and indicators, to invest in a proposal or to provide support, not hoping for a short-term return, but investing in a long-term cooperation. (Bella Butler and Sharon Purchase, 2008).

According to the latest data of Rosstat, analyzing the employment and unemployment rates in the Caucasus regions, 38% of residents named dependents and 25% as benefits as the main source of income. The highest unemployment rates were registered in Ingushetia - 42.4% and Chechnya - 40.2%, for comparison in Russia the average level is about 7%. At the same time, the population of the North Caucasus demonstrates a higher percentage of individual entrepreneurs among the population of 8.2% compared to 3.4% for Russia as a whole. Needless to say, entrepreneurship with such a high level of unemployment and despair (there are almost no job search trends among the population) is an incentive for forced entrepreneurship. Practice has shown that reducing subsidies not only does not stimulate the population to new forms of economic behavior, but also increases the level of population migration and the growth of tension. (Employment and Unemployment, El Resource). Taking into account such data, it is necessary to be cautious about the results obtained by us, understanding that we can not discount the crisis economic situation that now prevails in the Caucasus and those economic conditions that, regardless of the severity of certain parameters of social capital, will The basic factors of a particular behavior.

The method of empirical research

Participants of the study.

The survey was conducted in seven regions of Russia. Ethnic groups were represented by: Russians, representatives of the peoples of the North Caucasus of the Caucasus (Chechens, Ossetians, Ingushes) and Tatars, in the total number of 1,286 people.

To detect ethnic characteristics in the interrelations, we divided the sample according to the following principle:

1. Of the group of Russian respondents, representatives from Moscow (321 people) and from regions (Chechen Republic, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of Ingushetia, Magadan Region, Stavropol Territory) were selected from the group of 355 people.

2. Representatives of the regions are represented by the following ethnic groups:

Ingush, Ossetians, Chechens. In Table 1, you can see a more detailed description of the sample of the study.

Table 1. Characteristics of the sample of the study

Region

Ethnic group

Number of respondents

Floor

Husband / wife

Age

Moscow and Moscow region

Russian

321

178 men

143 women

Min: 16

Max: 64

Median : 40

Magadan Region

Russian

223

101 husband

122 women

Min: 17

Max: 70

Median : 26

Republic of North Ossetia-Alania

Ossetians

100

57 husband

43 women

Min: 15

Max: 82

Median: 37

Russian

25

8 husband

17 wives

Min: 16

Max: 71

Median: 40

Chechen Republic

Chechens

105

39 husband

65 women

Min: 18

Max: 59

Median: 24

The Republic of Ingushetia

The Ingush

109

54 husband

55 women

Min: 17

Max: 60

Median: 23

Stavropol region

Russian

103

49 husband

54 women

Min: 19

Max: 60

Median: 31.5

Total

1066

640 husband

644 women

Min: 15

Max: 82

Median : 31

Techniques and variables. The questionnaire included the following methods.

1. Methodology for assessing social capital,

2. Methodology for assessing economic perceptions and attitudes;

3. The methodology of scenarios of economic behavior.

4. Block of personal data.

1. Methodology for assessing social capital. The composition included the evaluation of the following parameters:

A) perceived social capital (the method of VI Chirkov);

B) the level of interpersonal trust, the parameter estimation is taken from the World Values Survey questionnaire;

C) tolerance to representatives of other groups: ethnic minorities, other faiths, sexual minorities, people with other political beliefs;

D) civil identity (GI). Two parameters of civil identity were assessed:

a. "Strength" (severity) of civil identity.

B. Valence (degree of positivity) of civil identity.

2. Economic views and attitudes;

A) Economic representations of the individual:

- the idea of changing your well-being in the last 2 years;

- the idea of a change in their own material welfare in the coming year;

These questions are borrowed from the work (Modern Psychology ..., 2002).

B) Economic personality:

The respondents were offered a judgment reflecting a particular attitude and was asked to express the degree of their agreement with him on a 5-point scale from 1 ("absolutely disagree") to 5 ("absolutely agree").

1) Setting for economic independence.

2) Setting for economic paternalism.

3) Degree of satisfaction with the level of material well-being.

These questions were proposed by the laboratory staff and were first published in the work of N.M. Lebedeva and A.N. Tatarko "The values of culture and the development of society" (Lebedeva, Tatarko, 2007).

3. The methodology of scenarios of economic behavior.

On the basis for drawing up the methodology was taken, developed by M. Smith and his colleagues, a scenario approach. Based on 10 bipolar measurements (measured on the Likert scale) of typical, socially significant economic behavior, specific situations were developed for assessing economic behavior. The respondent was offered, choosing the behavior of one of the heroes, to evaluate it in a 3-point scale ("rather agree" / "agree" / "absolutely agree") on three parameters:

(A) the behavior of which hero he likes more and to what extent;

(B) how much the respondent is willing to do the same as one of the heroes;

(C) the behavior of which of the characters and to what extent is typical for the representatives of the people, to which the respondent belongs.

Note that the analysis did not use data on the third parameter of the situation assessment - a component of the concept of typical behavior.

Imagine bipolar measurements of scenarios of economic behavior:

1. "Economic paternalism - economic independence."

2. "Saving time - saving money."

3. "Short-term - long-term orientation (perspective) in economic behavior."

4. "Wastefulness - economy."

5. "Economic interest - economic indifference."

6. "Priority of profit over the law is the priority of the law over profit".

7. "Economic activity - economic passivity".

8. "Acceptability - unacceptability of the use of loans in everyday life".

9. "The distribution of financial compensation for equity - in fairness."

10. "The priority of the amount of remuneration is the priority of creativity in work".

Note that the models of economic behavior contain two poles, while the pole that reflects progressive models (economic interest, long-term orientation, creativity priority in work, etc.) with increasing values reflects the increase in the sign. That is, the larger the value of the indicator, the more economically progressive the model is expressed.

The personal data block included questions about the age of the respondents, the region of residence, the field, nationalities and other issues assessing the socio-demographic characteristics, which were subsequently used to describe the sample and the division into ethnic subgroups.

Data processing was carried out using the statistical package SPSS 17.0 (regression analysis, forced enrollment Enter method with control by sex and age).

RESULTS OF THE STUDY

Relationship of economic attitudes and perceptions to social capital

Consider the results of the regression analysis of components of social capital with economic attitudes and perceptions of ethnic groups. First, let's pay attention to the results of Russia's representatives from Moscow and the regions, and then to the regions. In interpreting, we will refer to Table 2 of the average values of social capital indicators for groups of respondents. In general, the value of indicators for ethnic groups is similar, except for varying the value within less than one point.

Table 2. Average values of indicators of social capital in groups of respondents

Indicators

Average,

Russian, Muscovites

Average, Russian,

Regions

Average,

Ingush

Average, Ossetians

Average,

Chechens

GI valence

4.3

4.6

4.0

4.6

4.3

GI severity

4.7

4.9

4.2

5.0

4.3

Perceived social capital

3.6

3.6

3.5

3.5

3.6

Tolerance

2.8

3.4

2.7

3.1

3.0

Interpersonal trust

3.5

3.1

3.2

3.4

4.0

The results of the regression analysis show that there is only one significant link between the setting for economic independence and the indicator of the valence of civil identity in the representatives of Russians from Moscow, the component "0.21" at a significance level of p <0.01 with a percentage of the explained variance equal to only 0.04. Obviously, there is an effect of unaccounted factors in view of the fact that the share of the explained variance in this model is very small. One can assume that a positive attitude towards one's citizenship will contribute to the desire to lead an independent life and achieve success, which can be explained by the fact that a person assesses not just his citizenship, but also the opportunities and conditions that it provides. For Moscow, it is worth noting, the conditions for economic self-realization and independence are more favorable than in other regions of Russia, as indicated by the high percentage of visitors who aspire to the capital to get a chance to test their destiny and achieve success.

Immediately turn to the results on the selection of Russians from the regions (Table 3), which reveals at once three positive links. The severity of civic identity (whose average value for this group of respondents is 4.9 out of 7) is associated with two opposing orientations: economic independence and economic paternalism.

Increasing the severity of the Russians from the regions of civil identity goes in parallel with the establishment that the welfare is determined by at least two factors, that is, personal activity and the economic situation of the country. In general, this reasoning is logical for any state, where the main factor of the welfare of society is the indicators of the economic well-being of the country, however, individual efforts and activity also affect the variation of incomes and well-being.

Table 3. Relationship between the measurement of social capital and economic attitudes and perceptions on a sample of Russians from regions

(The Chechen Republic, the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Magadan Region, the Stavropol Territory) (N = 355)

Economic views and attitudes

The indicator of social capital

R2

Perceived

UK

Interpersonal trust

Valentinov GI

The GI expression

Tolerance

Setting for economic independence  

0, 15 *

0.44

Setting for economic paternalism

0, 16 *

0.43

Degree of satisfaction with the level of material well-being

0.17 ***

0.47

Note: * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001, R2 is the adjusted fraction of the variance, and β is the standardized coefficients of the regression equation.

The increase in the level of trust is positively associated with satisfaction from the level of their own well-being. Perhaps this reflects the positive impact of social capital as reducing competition in a social group, encouraging people to compete to earn more than others by being distrustful of their behavior.

It should be noted that if Russian models were not significant for Russian Muscovites, in explaining the attitudes of Russian representatives from regions, social capital showed its (though weak) interrelations along with high values of the coefficients of the fraction of the explained variance.

For Ingush (111 people), only one link is statistically significant: the orientation toward economic paternalism is negatively associated with perceived social capital (-0.3 at significance level p <0.01 and the percentage of the explained variance is 0.1.

Thus, we can say that the more Ingush people are confident in the positive characteristics of their environment, the less they believe that their well-being depends on the economic situation of the country, that is, on external circumstances. Let us recall the data on the 42.4% unemployment rate in Ingushetia and the tendency of the population to live on benefits, and not to change the economic situation around them. It can be seen that a certain role in such passivity can be played by the certainty that one's own well-being depends only on the economic situation in the country determined by the low level of perceived social capital (Table 1).

For Ossetians (Table 4), only two significant links between the characteristics of civil identity and the setting of economic paternalism were revealed with an explanation for the dispersion percentage of 0.2: the valence of civic identity is associated with this indicator negatively "-0.35", and the expression is positive "0.4" . The less positive feelings Ossetians experience as representatives of the country and the more they feel themselves as its citizens, the more they feel dependent on Russia's economic situation. It is worth noting the complexity and inconsistency of the political situation in Ossetia between Georgia and Russia, each of which refuses to give the right to rank the republic to the borders of another country. Naturally, Ossetians can feel such national pressure from the country, as a result of which the attitude of dependence on the economic situation of Russia will prevail, combined with a negative and strong attitude towards one's own identity.

Table 4. Relationship between the measurement of social capital and economic attitudes and perceptions on the sample Osetin ( N = 100)

Economic representations and installations

The indicator of social capital

R2

Perceived

UK

Interpersonal trust

Valentinov GI

The GI expression

Tolerance

Setting for economic paternalism

-0.3 5

0.4 *

0.2

Note: * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001, R2 is the adjusted fraction of the variance, and β is the standardized coefficients of the regression equation.

Significant results on the sample of Chechens did not show regression analysis , which indicates the possible low, absent or more complex impact of social capital on the economic attitudes of Chechens.

Relationship of models of economic behavior with social capital

The results of regression analysis showed that there were no significant models for explaining the scenarios of economic behavior by independent variables-indicators of social capital on a sample of Russians (both from Moscow and from regions). The largest number of significant and diverse models based on the results of the sample is observed among Ossetians and Ingush.

Let's start with the Ingushetian sample (Table 5), where the significant coefficients of the determination of models from the regression analysis do not exceed 0.19, which indicates the weakness of the models, however, indicating the presence of trends.

Table 5. Relationship between the measurement of social capital and the estimates of situations on the Ingush sample ( N = 111)

Models of economic behavior

The indicator of social capital

R2

Perceived

UK

Interpersonal trust

Valentinov GI

Expression of GI

Tolerance

"Economic interest"

Emotz. preference

-

Readiness

-0.36 *

0.11

"Priority of the law over profit"

Emotz. preference

0.29 **

0.19

Readiness

0.31 **

0.16

"Priority of creativity in work"

Emotz. preference

0,25 **

-0.36 **

0.12

Readiness

-

Note: * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001, R2 is the adjusted fraction of the variance, and β is the standardized coefficients of the regression equation.

The values of correlation coefficients for the scale of readiness of the model of economic behavior "economic interest" with an exponent of civic identity (4.2 points) are sufficiently high for socio-psychological research to be "-0.36", they can be interpreted as follows. An increase in one's own sense of belonging to Russia may reduce the desire of Ingush respondents to take any action to understand economic opportunities and improve their economic situation through risky alternatives, shifting such questions to the state more. We can say that thus the Ingush on the contrary express their own trust in the state, giving it the right to solve economic problems.

It can be assumed that the position of the people belonging to a large state (reflected in the exponent of civic identity) may be the reason for the formation of a passive form of behavior, reflecting to some extent the dependent position of the people. At once both scales of the model "Priority of the law over profit" are connected with the indicator of interpersonal trust (3.2 points) at the level of 0.3. Communication shows the universal tendency of the positive influence of social capital (and most often trust) on the formation of civil society, the behavior of legality, confirmed by a multitude of researchers (see, for example, Rizwan Ali, Mian Muhammad Farooq, etc., 2011).

Two links reveal a scale of emotional preference for the script "priority of creativity in work" with interpersonal confidence of 3.2 points (0.25) and a degree of civic identity 4.2 points (-0.36). Similarly, the tendency of the positive influence of trust on the formation of the individual's independence and creativity is reinforced, whereas the parameter of the expression of the civil identity can be viewed as a conservative form of orientation to the values of the past, encouraging pro-state behavior, shaping the preferences of stability, rather than opportunities and self-expression.

Let us turn to the data of the sample of Ossetians (Table 6). Let's pay attention to the strongest link, equal to "0.74" between the emotional preferences scale of the "economic interest" scenario and the degree of civic identity (5 points), along with the negative also high connection with the valence parameter of the civil identity (4.6 points) 0.43 ". Such notable links indicate the impact of civic identity indicators on the formation of attitudes toward economic activity and the search for alternative ways of investing as opposed to preferring stable forms.

Table 6. Relationship between the measurement of social capital and estimates of situations in the sample Ossetian ( N = 100)

Models of economic behavior

The indicator of social capital

R2

Perceived

UK

Interpersonal trust

Valentinov GI

GI expression

Tolerance

"Economic independence"

Emotz. preference

-

Readiness

-0.25 **

0.12

"Saving time"

Emotz. preference

-0.38 **

0.16

Readiness

-

"Economic interest"

Emotz. preference

-0.43 *

0.74 **

0.22

Readiness

-

"Economic activity"

Emotz. preference

0.32 *

0.1

Readiness

-

"Priority of creativity in work"

Emotz. preference

0.3 **

0.38 *

0.17

Readiness

-

Note: * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001, R2 is the adjusted fraction of the variance, and β is the standardized coefficients of the regression equation.

More specifically, with the example of Ossetians it can be seen that an increase in the sense of belonging to Russia increases their economic interest, unlike the Ingush, where the link is directly opposite, whereas as the positive pole of the valence parameter increases, the connection decreases. Thus, the more negative attitude towards citizenship and the higher the sense of belonging to Russia, the higher the preference for the scenario of behavior, where the hero seeks alternative forms of investing his funds instead of using the state bank, even if there are no differences in income, is a kind of protest to the state, Aspirations for independence and search for alternatives. In general, the remaining results show the relationship mainly between the scales of emotional preference with the parameters of social capital, turning