Psychological and pedagogical classification of speech disorders

Speech has a key value in the process of forming the higher functions of the child's nervous system. It serves as a means of communication with adults, serves as a basis for the development of thinking. Speech provides the ability to regulate and plan the behavior, organization of the child's mental life. It affects the formation of the personality as a whole.

All this made it necessary to identify speech disturbance at the earliest stages of development . , предложенная ведущими специалистами, позволяет обнаружить сбои в формировании высших функций и своевременно предпринять необходимые меры. Classification of speech disorders , proposed by leading experts, allows to detect failures in the formation of higher functions and to take necessary measures in a timely manner.

Relevance of the issue

направлены на систематизацию аномалий, встречающихся практически у каждого ребенка с разными отклонениями в развитии. Modern classifications of speech disorders are aimed at the systematization of anomalies that occur in almost every child with different developmental abnormalities. Some of them relate directly to the pronunciation processes. Such anomalies are manifested in a decrease in the intelligibility of speech and are not accompanied by additional violations.

Other deviations are associated with the phonemic aspect of the language. They are expressed not only by defects in pronunciation, but also by insufficient mastery of the sound composition of words. This, in turn, entails a violation of reading and writing.

The third category of anomalies includes communicative deviations. They create obstacles in the education of the child in school and interfere with social adaptation. Children who are diagnosed with speech disorders are of a particular category. They retain intellect and hearing. But the existing deviations negatively affect the other sides of the psyche.

The main classification of speech disorders

Today, all deviations are systematized in two ways. . The first is formed clinical-pedagogical classification of speech disorders . It includes two groups of deviations. The first is formed by violations of the oral, and the second - written speech. These groups, in turn, are divided into subgroups.

The second classification is psychological and pedagogical. Its origin is due to the need for group work. For logopedic impact on the team it was necessary to find general patterns of manifestation of speech defects with various forms of anomalies.

Group of Oral Deviations

выработана, главным образом, по отношению к первичным аномалиям. The clinical classification of speech disorders has been developed, mainly, with respect to primary anomalies. Oral deviations are divided into:

1. Disorder of the external (phonetic) decoration of the pronunciation side.
2. Internal (structural-semantic) systemic or polymorphic failure.

The phonation deviations differ depending on the link that is affected. This can be a voice formation, a tempo-rhythmic organization of utterance, an intonational-melodic, sound-producing element. All disorders can be detected in combinations or in isolation.

Afonia / dysphonia

выделяет несколько видов аномалий. The classification of speech disorders distinguishes several types of anomalies. One of them is disorder or absence of phonation due to pathological changes in the vocal apparatus. This anomaly is expressed either by the absence of phonation (aphonia), or by a violation of height, timbre and voice (dysphonia).

Such a deviation is due to functional organic disorders of the mechanism of voice formation of a peripheral or central character. It can appear at any stage of the child's development. Such a disorder can occur either alone or in combination with other disorders.

Bradyallia

It is a pathologically slowed-down speech rate. The term "bradifrazia" is synonymous with the term. Bradilalia is expressed in a slow articulation. It is caused by disturbances in speech centers. By its nature, bradilalia can be functional or organic.

Tachilalia

This is the opposite of the bradylalia deviation. It is expressed in the pathologically accelerated rate of speech. Tachyclasia can also be organic or functional. With slow articulation, speech becomes viscous, stretched, monotonous, sluggish, with accelerated - rapid, hasty, assertive.

Tahilalia can be accompanied by agrammatisms. In some cases such phenomena are identified as independent anomalies: paraphrase, battarianism. Classification of speech disorders unites bradilia and tachyaly under a common name - rate disorders. They have different consequences. For example, there is an anomaly of smoothness, melodic-intonational expressiveness, rhythm of speech.

Stuttering

It is a violation of the temporal aspect of speech. Stammering is caused by the convulsive state of the musculature of the articulatory apparatus. This disorder is centrally determined, perhaps by nature organic or functional. As a rule, stuttering occurs during the process of speech development as part of the transition to a phrasal exposition. It is associated with a sharply negative emotional reaction of the child to some external stimulus.

Stuttering contributes to the lack of stability of the central nervous system, in some cases due to organic brain damage. Violations of the temporal aspect of speech are associated with convulsions of different parts of the peripheral apparatus - articulatory, respiratory, and vocal.

Dyslalia

It is a violation of pronunciation of sounds with normal innervation of the apparatus of speech and hearing. Dysplasia is expressed in the wrong phonemic (sound) wording. In particular, the child distorts the pronunciation of sounds, mixes them, or replaces them with others. Deviation may be due to incorrect or incomplete articulatory base formation.

предусматривает разграничение дислалии на функциональную и механическую. Classification of speech disorders provides for the delineation of dysplasia for functional and mechanical. The latter is associated with anatomical abnormalities of the articulatory apparatus. Functional dyslasia is due to unfavorable conditions of speech development or disturbances of phonemic hearing.

Rinolalia

This deviation is associated with a violation of pronunciation of sounds and voice timbre. It is conditioned by anatomical and physiological disorders. Expressed rhinolalia in the change in timbre and distorted pronunciation in connection with the disorder of normal participation in the voice-forming of the nasal cavity. Through it, as well as through the mouth, there is an air stream. The sounds become unnecessarily nasal. Speech as a whole is monotonous and indistinct. This form of rinolalia is called open.

Closed type of deviation is caused by violations of the normal patency of the nasal cavity in adenoids, tumors, curvature of the septum, inflammatory processes of a chronic nature. In this case, this department is partially or completely disconnected from the process of voice formation. Speech loses some of the overtones, begins to sound dull. The nasal sounds "n", "m" sound distorted.

Dysatria

This is a violation of the pronunciation aspect of speech. It is caused by an organic insufficiency in the innervation of the apparatus. With dysarthria, the unformed parts of the mechanism of the pronunciation of sounds are noted. As a result, articulatory-phonetic and vocal defects arise. In the severe course of the disorder, the sound-producing side is completely absent. This condition is called anarthria.

At an easy degree, defects are manifested, mainly, in articulatory-phonetic disorders. In this case, the condition is usually called an erased form of dysarthria. At the same time, it should be distinguished from dyslalia. Differentiation of disorders can only be made by a specialist. Dysarthria occurs due to CNS damage in cerebral palsy. However, it can appear at any stage of development due to neuroinfection or other brain pathologies.

Alalia

связанных со структурно-семантическим оформлением, представлена двумя типами аномалий. Classification of speech disorders associated with structural-semantic design, is represented by two types of anomalies. The first is alalia. It is the absence or underdevelopment of speech. Such a condition is caused by the damage to the corresponding areas of the cerebral cortex during the intrauterine or early stage of development. This defect is considered one of the most difficult. It entails a violation of selection and programming operations at all stages of perception and reproduction of the utterance, hinders the formation of a system of linguistic means. Management of voice operations is broken. This is reflected in the reproduction of the syllabic and sound composition of words.

Alalia occurs when the speech regions of the cerebral hemispheres are damaged (Wernicke and Brock centers). In accordance with this, a sensory and motor anomaly is isolated. In the latter case, the understanding of the child's speech is largely preserved, but the ability to reproduce words is severely impaired. Sensory alalia is accompanied by a disturbance in the perception of the words of others.

имеет особое значение в ситуациях, когда необходимо дифференцировать первичные дефекты от вторичных. Classification of speech disorders in speech therapy is of special importance in situations where it is necessary to differentiate primary defects from secondary ones. In particular, it concerns alalia. Often there are complex cases in which the problem arises of differentiating it from speech development disorders against a background of hearing and mental retardation.

Aphasia

This defect is a partial or complete loss of a previously formed speech. Aphasia is caused by local brain damage. These can be vascular pathologies, inflammatory processes, CCT. Usually, a violation is considered aphasia, if it occurs after reaching 3 years. This anomaly is divided into several types.

Psychological and pedagogical classification of speech disorders

It uses different criteria. The key ones are psychological and linguistic signs. Among them, the structural components of the system (grammatical structure, sound aspect, vocabulary) are taken into account, the ratio of activities (oral and written), as well as functional aspects.

включает в себя две группы расстройств. Psychological-pedagogical classification of speech disorders includes two groups of disorders. The first are associated with a deviation in the formation of communication media, the latter - with defects in their use. Let us consider them in more detail.

The disorder of the formation of means of communication

Classification of speech disorders of children includes two subgroups of such anomalies:

• Phonetic-phonemic underdevelopment. It is a disorder of the processes of formation of the pronunciation system in connection with a defect in the perception and reproduction of phonemes.
• General underdevelopment. It includes a variety of complex deviations. These anomalies cause a violation of the formation of all components of the system related to the semantic and sonic side of speech.

In the second subgroup, there are several common features. They include:

1. Agrammatisms.
2. A sparse stock of words.
3. Later the beginning of the formation and development of speech.
4. Pronunciation and phoneme defects.

The OHR is expressed to a different degree. This may be a complete absence of speech, a babbling of her condition or her expanded presence, but with elements of lexico-grammatical and phonemic underdevelopment.

Disorders in the use of communicative means

относит заикание. To this category, the pedagogical classification of speech disorders includes stuttering. It is seen as a disorder of communicative function with properly formed communication media. In practice, a combined defect can also be detected. In this case, stuttering is accompanied by a general speech underdevelopment.

Levels of OHP

The psychologist LE Levina identifies three degrees of disorders:

• On the first there is a practically or absolutely complete lack of means of communication in 5-6 years, when a child without pathology is speech as a whole formed. In the vocabulary there are sounds or onomatopoeic complexes. They, as a rule, are incomprehensible to others and are accompanied by gesticulation.
• At the second level there are common, but somewhat distorted words. It is planned to distinguish between separate grammatical forms. At the same time, there is a significant lag in the pronunciation possibilities compared to peers.
• At the third level there is an expanded phrase speech with elements of phonetic-phonemic and lexico-grammatical underdevelopment. Communication with others is carried out only with the help of an adult.

Classification of speech disorders involves the allocation of the fourth level. It is characterized by easy lexico-grammatical disorders, making it difficult to master the letter in the primary school.