Original Russian and borrowed words: examples. Words of foreign origin

One of the sections of the lexicon is the etymology, which studies the origin of the word against the background of a change in the entire vocabulary of the language. Essentially Russian and borrowed words are considered from the standpoint of etymology. These are the two layers into which the entire vocabulary of the Russian language can be divided, in terms of origin. This section of the vocabulary gives an answer to the question of how the word has happened, what it means, where and when it was borrowed and what changes it underwent.

Vocabulary of the Russian language

All words that exist in the language are called vocabulary. With their help we call various objects, phenomena, actions, signs, numbers, etc.

The vocabulary is explained by the entry into the system of Slavic languages, which determined the existence of their common origin and development. Russian vocabulary is rooted in the past of the Slavic tribes and for centuries has developed along with the people. This is the so-called primordial vocabulary, which has existed for a long time.

Also in the vocabulary there is a second layer: these are words that came to us from other languages due to the emergence of historical ties.

Thus, if we consider the lexicon from the position of origin, then we can distinguish words originally Russian and borrowed. Examples of the words of both groups are represented in the language in large numbers.

Origin of Russian words

The vocabulary of Russian has more than 150 000 words. Let's see what words are called originally Russian.

Originally Russian vocabulary has several tiers:

1. The first, the most ancient, includes words denoting such concepts as are found in all languages (father, mother, meat, wolf and others);
2. The second tier consists of the Slavonic words, which are characteristic for all Slavic tribes (pine, wheat, house, chicken, kvass, cheese, etc.);
3. The third tier consists of words that appeared in the speech of the Eastern Slavs from the 6th-7th century (dark, stepdaughter, graveyard, squirrel, today);
4. The fourth group is actually Russian names that appeared at the end of the 16th-17th century (jam, blizzard, shrub, rustle, idle, once, mason, pilot, deception, neatness, etc.).

The process of borrowing

In our language, the native Russian and borrowed words coexist. This is due to the historical development of the country.

As a people, Russians from ancient times entered into cultural, economic, political, military, trade relations with other countries and states. This quite naturally led to the fact that we had the words of those peoples with whom we cooperated in the language. Otherwise it was impossible to understand each other.

With the passage of time, these linguistic borrowings have become Russified, have become part of a group of common words, and we have already ceased to perceive them as foreign. Everyone knows such words as "sugar", "bathhouse", "activist", "artel", "school" and many others.

The words originally Russian and borrowed, examples of which are given above, have long and firmly become part of our everyday life and help to build our speech.

Foreign words in Russian

Getting into our language, foreign words are forced to change. The nature of their changes affects different aspects: phonetics, morphology, semantics. Borrowings are subject to our laws and regulations. Such words change in endings, in suffixes, the gender changes. For example, the word "parliament" is masculine, and in German, where it came from, it's average.

The very meaning of the word can change. So, the word "painter" means a worker in our country, and in German it is a "painter".

Semantics are changing. For example, the borrowed words "canned", "conservative" and "conservatory" came to us from different languages and have nothing in common. But in their native language, French, Latin and Italian respectively, they came from Latin and have the meaning of "save."

Thus, it is important to know from which languages the words are borrowed. This will help to correctly determine their lexical meaning.

In addition, sometimes it is difficult to know the native Russian and borrowed words in the mass of vocabulary that we use every day. For this purpose, there are dictionaries, where the meaning and origin of each word is explained.

Classification of loan words

Two groups of borrowed words are allocated according to a certain type:

• Come from the Slavic language;
• Taken from non-Slavic languages.

In the first group, a large mass is composed of Old Slavs - words that have been used in church books since the 9th century. And now the words "cross", "universe", "power", "virtue", etc. are widely spoken. Many Old Slavs have Russian analogues ("cheeks", "lips", "lips", etc. ) The phonetic ("gates" - "gates"), morphological ("grace", "benefactor"), semantic ("gold" - "gold") Old Slavs are distinguished.

The second group consists of borrowings from other languages, among which:

• Latin (in the field of science, politics of public life - "school", "republic", "corporation");
• Greek (household - "bed", "dish", terms - "synonym", "vocabulary");
• Western European (military - "headquarters", "Junker", from the field of art - "easel", "landscape", seaworthy terms - "boat", "shipyard" "schooner", musical terms - "aria", "libretto");
• Turkic (in culture and trade "pearl", "caravan", "iron");
• Scandinavian (household - "anchor", "whip") words.

Dictionary of foreign words

Lexicology is a very precise science. Here everything is clearly structured. All words are divided into groups, depending on the attribute laid down in the basis.

Originally Russian and borrowed words are divided into two groups on the basis of etymology, that is, origin.

There are various dictionaries that meet specific goals. So, you can name a dictionary of foreign words, which contains foreign examples that have come to us for many centuries. Many of these words are now perceived by us as Russian. The dictionary explains the meaning and indicates where the word came from.

Dictionaries of foreign words in our country have a whole history. The first was created at the beginning of the eighteenth century, it was manuscript. At the same time there was a three-volume dictionary, authored by NM. Yanovsky. In the twentieth century a number of foreign dictionaries appeared.

Among the most famous can be called the "School Dictionary of Foreign Words" edited by V.V. Ivanova. In the dictionary article are called information about the origin of the word, it gives an interpretation of its meaning, examples of use, stable expressions with it.