"How ... and" - commas and rules for their production

Our life is very unpredictable. You never know where you will be tomorrow and what kind of people you have to communicate with. One thing is for sure: smart and competent people are valued everywhere! Therefore, in order not to fall into the dirt face, it is worth paying attention first of all to your speech, including writing. For example, the rules of commas in Russian will help to compose any document competently. After all, often even small and minor errors can cause misunderstandings.

Punctuation and its role in Russian grammar

Punctuation is a section of the grammar of the Russian language, which regulates the use and setting of separating signs.

Thanks to punctuation marks, people, reading a book or document, are able to understand the intonation, semantic load and emotions of the author.

Punctuation marks, besides excretory and semantic, also play a separative and separative role, that is, they separate and separate sentences or words from each other. For example, in the sentence "What a wonderful weather!" The exclamation mark not only signals the end of the sentence, it also emphasizes the author's mood. In the syntactic construction "Rain has gone, children have fled to their homes" - the comma separates two simple sentences, and also indicates a sequence of actions.

The punctuation of the Russian language uses the following punctuation marks: ".", ",", "()", "!", "?", "-", ":", "...", ";" and themselves "". Each sign has its own functions in written speech.

Why do I need commas in Russian?

The main function of commas in any language, not only in Russian, is separating. The commas divide the homogeneous members of the sentence, simple sentences as part of complex ones, and also allocate turns, clarifying and opening words, appeals.

For example: "Cities, villages, villages - all my own." "Cities", "villages", "villages" are homogeneous members of the proposal. In the next construction - "Clouds converged over the city, the wind started the game, the earth was enveloped by the cold, the world was coming to an end ..." - commas are needed to separate simple sentences into complex ones.

The rules for setting a comma are the minimum that every schoolboy must know!

1. So, in the syntactic structure, when the main and subordinate clause is combined through repeated unions - and ... and, neither ... nor, ... or, as ... and - commas are put and carry a semantic and separative role. For example: "Not a day, not two, three hurt your head."
2. In syntactic constructions commas are always put:

• Before the unions - a, and also, d a (in the meaning of "but"): "The house is warm and cozy, and behind the window a blizzard sweeps."
• Before allied words - however, all the same, nonetheless.
• When one sentence joins another word - where, that, where : "Never go where there lives in the hearts of emptiness ...".
• Before complex alliances, thanks to the fact that, because : "Value your childhood, because it quickly goes away."

Sometimes in such unions a comma is placed in the middle, so one part enters the main, and the second into the subordinate clause: "Mama did not allow Liza to watch cartoons until she had gone into the room."

"How ... and" - commas between homogeneous members of the sentence

One of the main functions of commas is to separate the homogeneous members of the sentence, which may or may not be joined by unions. For example: "In the garden grew cherries, cherries, plums" or "There were cherries, cherries, and plums in the garden."

1. Commas are put between homogeneous members in alliances - ah, but, yes, however, though ...
2. With repeated alliances - neither ... nor, and ... and, then ... that, or ... or : "Or go and do not bother, or stand and help!"
3. When homogeneous members are united by allied words - not so much ... as, not only ... but also, if not ... how ... and so - commas are placed inside the unions, and not before them: "Not only at night , But during the day the children did not go out into the yard. "
4. They put a comma in the repeated words that are used to show the duration of the action: "Soap, soap, and so it did not wash."

When still need to put a comma?

Such separating signs, as commas, are put in syntactic constructions not only between homogeneous terms.

Commas are needed for selection:

1. Comparative turns, which begin with unions as if, like : "It was a hot day, as if in a desert."
2. Clarifying words that are joined by unions - including, including, except, specifically, in other words.
3. Introductory words - no doubt, happened, fortunately, unfortunately, however, apparently, probably, the truth, in short, and others.
4. Appeals: " Hello, Larisa Ivanovna!".
5. Interjections - oh, hey, uh, oh, alas ...
6. Affirmative and negative words: " Yes, I am the one you are looking for . "

Common punctuation errors

The main mistakes in punctuation are the incorrect setting of signs, in particular, extra commas. Therefore, it is important not only to know the rules for the use of separating signs, but also to exclude them.

1. Often the designs " like clockwork," "like a cancer," "like a bucket, " which have already become aphorisms, are confused with comparative turns and mistakenly isolated by commas.
2. Do not put commas in front of unions like that, whose, where , if they were part of a stable expression - by all means, the devil knows what .
3. Sometimes two consecutive verbs in one form are taken as homogeneous members and separated by commas: "I'll go get it," "Take it."
4. Also make mistakes in the paired union - both ... and - the commas are put before the "how". All because the double union is perceived for a single or for a comparative turn. In this case, the comma is placed only only inside the union, namely before the word "so."

Be literate!

Grammar is the subject that is beginning to be studied in school, but it benefits throughout life. The rules for writing commas are fairly simple, so everyone is able to remember them. After all, a literate person in life is always easier!