First aid for bleeding. Types of bleeding and first aid

The first aid for bleeding is the action aimed at stopping them. Everyone should know about them and be able to produce them: a situation may occur that will require the necessary measures to help the victim to live to qualified care. And sometimes it is necessary to act quickly and accurately.

Characteristics of bleeding: first aid

They are distinguished by the type of damaged vessel. It is necessary to be able to determine all types of bleeding. First aid depends on what is damaged in the body. There are three types of bleeding:

1. Capillary. The integrity of the small vessel (or several) is broken.
2. Arterial. An artery from the heart is broken. Bleeding is very strong and threatens the victim with death from hemorrhage, unless urgent action is taken.
3. Venous. The blood flow is not as intense as in the arterial blood, but it is also significant.

In addition to the obvious, external, bleeding is also internal. They need to be able to recognize: timely provision of first aid for patients with bleeding into the internal cavity significantly increases the chances of the victim (or patient) to survive.

Capillary bleeding

Let's start with the most simple, we can say, everyday situations. Damage to the capillaries is common, especially in children with an imperfect vestibular apparatus. Broken knees and tattered elbows are so common traumas that parents treat them calmly. The first aid for bleeding caused by violation of the integrity of the capillaries, is rather routine: disinfection of the wound and application of a dressing to prevent infection. In case of deeper damage, when blood flows quite a lot, it is required to make a bandage pressing. To address to the doctor in this case follows only when the patient has poor blood coagulability.

Blood from the nose

Another fairly common household variant of hemorrhage. It can be caused by an unsuccessful fall, when a person does not have time to expose his hands, blow in the face or rupture of a vessel (for example, under high pressure in hypertensive patients). To get the victim to raise his face - this is the first reaction of most people to nosebleeds. The rendering of first aid with him, however, consists in directly opposite actions. The person should be seated with a slight inclination forward so that the blood does not get into the throat and nasopharynx - this can cause vomiting and coughing. If the nose is not broken, a tight tampon impregnated with peroxide is put in the nostril, and it is pressed with a finger. The cold is placed on the bridge of the nose - it not only speeds up the stopping of bleeding, but also prevents the appearance of swelling, if a person received a stroke. In about twenty minutes, the blood will stop. To check it, we must offer the victim to spit - if the saliva does not contain blood, a person can safely live on. A visit to a doctor is mandatory only if the nose fractures or unstable bleeding.

Arterial bleeding

The most dangerous of the external (and internal) species. If the provision of first emergency medical care for bleeding from the arteries is illiterate or belated, a person will die very quickly. Signs of damage to the artery:

• Very bright, scarlet color of blood;
• Gushing from the wound;
• Splashes of blood in the rhythm of the pulse.

If the small artery is touched, the limb is pulled above the wound, the victim is quickly delivered to the medical institution (by ambulance or by his own transport). If a large vessel is damaged, the limb rises, above the wound, the artery is squashed by the finger (with the fist, if the artery is femoral) - this is necessary to stop the "fountain". Then a tourniquet is applied. Usually a medical hand does not happen, so its functions are performed by twine, strip of fabric, towel, belt, dog lead - which is closest. Delivery to the hospital is mandatory, and as fast as possible.

Venous bleeding

It is characterized by intense, but not gushing, flowing blood of a dark, crimson color. First, the first aid for bleeding from the vein is to apply a rather wide bandage. If it turns out to be ineffective, a tourniquet is used, but it should be applied below the wound. The arm or leg, as in the case with the arteries, should be slightly elevated so that the flow of blood to the limb is weakened.

How to apply a tourniquet

Serious bleeding can not be avoided without it. However, in addition to the place where it should be recorded, you need to know how to do it correctly.

1. The site of the limb is wound with a clean cloth above the wound (in the case of venous bleeding - below).
2. The leg (arm) rises and fits on any support.
3. The tourniquet is slightly stretched, if, of course, you have a medical, rubber. Two or three times wrapping it around the limb, in the right position it is fastened with a chain and a hook. If the tourniquet is made of improvised materials, the ends are simply tied.
4. A note is attached to the bandage, which indicates the time (up to a minute) of the strand attachment. No paper - the data is written directly on the skin, away from the wound (even on the forehead). Keep it longer than an hour and a half in the summer and an hour in the winter is fraught with the onset of necrotic phenomena. If during this time you could not reach the hospital, burn the minutes for ten is removed, the artery or vein at this time is pressed manually, and after "rest" it is superimposed again.
5. The wound is sterilized.
6. The victim is rushed to the hospital.

If there is swelling, and the skin becomes cyanotic, then the tourniquet is not applied correctly. It is immediately removed and applied more successfully.

Forbidden actions

In the first aid for bleeding includes the observance of the main medical commandment: "do no harm." We list things that you can not do if you do not have medical education.

1. Do not touch the wound: an infection is possible, and in some cases - painful shock.
2. It is strictly forbidden to clean the wound. This should be done only by the surgeon and in the operating room. If a foreign object sticks out from the wound, it is carefully fixed so that during transportation it does not expand the damage. The dressing is then superimposed around it.
3. You can not change the bandages, even if they are soaked in blood.

And most importantly - soon to the hospital. If there is no "ambulance" - carry the victim yourself.

Internal bleeding

No less dangerous than arterial. A particular threat is that the layman can not immediately identify him. Given that often and the patient does not feel pain, we have to rely on secondary signs:

• Weakness accompanied by pallor;
• Chills with cold sweat ;
• Dizziness; syncope possible;
• Breathing disorders: irregular, shallow, weak;
• The stomach hardens and swells, the person tries to curl up into a ball.

Actions must be quick and decisive: call an ambulance, an ice pack on your stomach, transportation sitting. In no case should you give food, drink or pain medication.

Traumatic amputation

In the case of road accidents or work-related injuries, it is possible to separate the limb from the body. First aid for hemorrhages caused by amputation should be supplemented by preservation of the limb, if the hand is torn off below the elbow, and the leg is below the knee. The limb is placed in two packs, if possible, it is covered with ice and sent along with the victim. If the transportation does not take more than six hours, there is a possibility of sewing the limb to its rightful place. In Moscow, for example, it is possible in hospitals № 1, 6, 7, 71, in the Scientific Center of Surgery of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the State Clinical Hospital. When calling an ambulance, it is necessary to specify that the victim - with a traumatic amputation.