Dialect word - what is it? What words are called dialect?

Everyone who speaks Russian can easily recognize such words as "talking", "eating", "blizzard", and can not just define them, but also use them in the right form in context. It is these words that are called social, or national vocabulary. But not everyone can explain what "bait", "brahmo", "vyalitsa" is, only a small circle of people knows such words. However, such a non-literary speech in conversation, most people do not use.

Dialect word: definition

It is common knowledge, used in the literature and speech of people regardless of their place of residence and profession, the words form the basis of the Russian language, yet the remaining expressions are not national - they are used only in certain circles of the population. These include slang, special and dialect words. In Russian they are also called lexicon of limited use. Such words are divided into groups, each of which has its own sign.

Lexical groups

Certain masses of the population, carriers of non-public vocabulary, consist of a huge number of groups scattered throughout all the country's expanses and even beyond. Each of them has its own words in everyday life, and each is divided according to a certain feature: the occupation, the place of residence and the social stratum. So what words are called dialect? It is those that are used in a certain area. For example, in the Pskov region there is such a thing as the Severik, on Baikal the same phenomenon is called the Barguzin, and on the Danube - by the Belozero. The literary synonym of these words is the wind.

A dialect word is part of its group at the location, and words referring only to the occupation of the person constitute a professional group. But slang speech refers to certain layers of society.

Where there is dialect vocabulary

In each of the regions there are specific words used only in this area. So, for example, in the south of the country you can find such interesting words: squares, which means bushes; That corresponds to the word earth. In northern cities, you can also find interesting examples of dialect speech: teplina, which means a bonfire; Lava - a bridge and a roe deer.

Classification of dialect expressions

In the literary-book speech one can find so-called dialectisms - words, which are dialectal in essence, but have their own derivational, grammatical and phonetic features and refer to one or another dialect. Dialectisms are divided into 4 groups:

• Semantic dialectisms are a group of words that are used in a certain dialect in an uncommon meaning. For example: a cloud - a thunderstorm, an order - a forest, an impudent - a sudden one.
• Ethnographic dialectisms are called an object or phenomenon peculiar to a certain population and unknown in another locality. As a rule, such a dialect word does not have synonyms in conventional speech, and it can be defined only descriptively. For example: plakhta - a skirt made of a piece of cloth, duleika - a wadded jacket, a tuna - a thin pancake made from fresh dough.
• Phraseological dialectisms are invariable phrases that have a certain meaning only in a particular area. For example: to get bored - to fall into boredom, withered - how to salt sat, something heavy and difficult - death without death.

Where are dialect words used?

Examples of the use of such expressions can be found not only in conversation, but also in literary works. Although, of course, the question arises of how, and most importantly, to what extent such vocabulary can be used for artistic purposes. It is the theme of the work and the goals set by the author that determine which dialect word can be used in this or that case. Many factors can be taken into account here: aesthetic ideals, skill, and naturally described object. After all, sometimes, using only a conventional speech, it is impossible to convey all the colors and character. For example, Leo Tolstoy often uses dialect words to describe peasants in his works. Examples of their use in the literature can also be found in IS Turgenev: he used them as inclusions and citations, which are quite clearly distinguished in the main text. And such inclusions in their composition have remarks that fully reveal their meaning, but without them the literary context would not have such brightness.

Dialectism in our time

Now the authors in the works about the villages also use dialect words, but usually do not indicate their meaning, even if they are words of narrow application. Also, similar expressions can be found in newspaper essays, where a character is characterized, his manner of speaking and the characteristic features of his life, determined by the terrain in which he lives. Given the fact that newspaper publications should carry exclusively literary speech to the masses, the use of dialectisms should be maximally justified. For example: "I did not in vain leave Vasily a little around from those present." It is also worth noting that each of these words should be explained to the reader, since no person, while reading the book, does not have a dictionary of dialect words at hand.

Dialectism as part of the vocabulary of the Russian language

If we talk about dictionaries, the first mention of dialectisms can be found in the "Dictionary of the Great Russian Language" by V. I. Dal. In this edition, you can find 150 articles devoted specifically to this topic. Today, attention is also paid to the study of dialectisms, as they, along with archaisms, neologisms, borrowed words and phraseological units, constitute a significant part of the vocabulary of the mighty Russian language. And although most of them are not used in everyday oral and written speech, but acts as a passive part, without them it would be impossible to construct vivid statements or a colorful description of any object or character. That is why great writers so often resorted to dialectisms for giving the text brightness. Returning to the lexicon, it should be noted that for the study of dialect words there is a whole science called dialectology.

This linguistic discipline studies the phonetic, grammatical, syntactic features of a unit of language that is geographically fixed. Also, special attention is paid to the study of dialectisms in fiction. Linguistics shares the understanding of such words:

• A broad approach, which is inherent in the inclusion of ordinary conversational dialectisms in literary speech;
• A narrow approach, where all stable phrases and words are used in art and journalistic publications.

Summing up

Deepening into the lexical structure of the Russian language, you understand how right the phrase "great and mighty". After all, dialect words with their classification and structure are just a small part of the huge system for which their own science has been created. And the stock of these very words is not constant, it is replenished and updated. And this concerns not only dialectisms, because the number of generally accepted and commonly used words is also constantly increasing, which only emphasizes the power of the Russian language.