Applied art - what is it? Decorative and applied creativity and its types

Decorative and applied creativity is an extensive section of art that encompasses various spheres of artistic activity and is oriented towards creating utilitarian products. The aesthetic level of such works, as a rule, is quite high. Collective term combines two kinds of arts - applied and decorative. The first has signs of practical application, the second is designed to beautify the human habitat.

Creativity and Utility

Applied art - what is it? First of all, these are items whose characteristics are close to the artistic style, and their purpose is quite diverse. Vases, jugs, utensils or sets of fine porcelain, as well as many other products, decorate living rooms, kitchen sets, bedrooms and children's rooms. Some objects can be works of genuine art and nevertheless belong to the category of applied creativity.

Wide scope of activity

Applied art - what is it from the master's point of view? A laborious creative process or a simple hand-craft made of improvised materials? Undoubtedly, this is a work of art, which deserves the highest appreciation. Utilitarian purpose of the product does not detract from its merits. Decorative and applied creativity is a wide field of activity for artists and sculptors, designers and stylists. Especially valuable are exclusive works of art created in a single copy. At the same time, products produced serially are considered to be souvenirs.

Decorations in the house

Decorative and applied art - what is it, if we consider it as part of the aesthetic filling of the everyday environment? It is safe to say that all products and objects located around reflect the tastes of people in close proximity to them, as a person tries to surround himself with beautiful things. Decorative and applied creativity gives an opportunity to decorate a dwelling, an office space, a recreation area. Particular attention is paid to the design of premises for children.

And, finally, applied art - what is this in the public understanding? These are exhibitions, vernissages, fairs and many other public events that bring people to the culture. Fine decorative and applied creativity raises the level of human development, contributes to the formation of its aesthetic taste. In addition, the examination of expositions broadens the general horizons. Each exhibition of applied art is an acquaintance of the general public with new achievements in the field of artistic creativity. Such activities are of particular importance in the upbringing of the younger generation.

A bit of history

Folk decorative and applied art originates in Russian villages. Simple crafts of home-grown craftsmen are often classified as products in the category of "folk and applied art". A good example of folklore style is the so-called Dymkovo toy - painted cockerels, figurines, ornaments made of red clay.

Fishing is rooted in the past, he is more than four hundred years old. There was an ancient applied art Thanks to the national holiday "Whistler", when the entire female population molded clay whistles to this day in the form of chickens, lambs, horses. The celebration lasted two days.

Over time, the holiday lost its importance, and folk-applied art continued to develop. Currently, Dymkovo art products are replicated in the Vyatka toy production association. Products are traditionally covered with whitewash and painted with bright, juicy colors.

Fine arts and crafts

Products of folk art in its original form, as a rule, become the basis for commercial projects. Fairy-tale characters, invented by the inhabitants of Russian villages, are displayed in the famous Palekh caskets, Zhostovo trays, wooden Khokhloma products. Applied art of Russia is diverse, each direction is interesting in its own way, the products of Russian masters are in high demand among foreign collectors.

"Demand generates a proposal" - this formulation reflects the state of affairs in the field of national art crafts in Russia. For example, art products in Gzhel style are popular all over the world for several centuries. Famous blue and white vases, plates, tea and coffee sets are desired in every house, and especially valuable specimens are the pride of collectors. It is still unclear what is applied art - work, craft or artistic creativity. In fact, each product requires some effort to create it, and thus it is necessary to give the image artistic value.

Applied art in the children's room

In certain cases, the theme of artistic creativity can be addressed to the younger generation. Products made with children's hands are of particular value. The immediacy inherent in boys and girls of preschool age, a naive fantasy mixed with the desire to express their inner feelings give rise to real masterpieces. Children's applied art, represented by drawings, plasticine figurines, cardboard people, is the most real art work. Today, throughout Russia, competitions are held, in which small "artists" and "sculptors" take part.

Contemporary Russian applied art

Photographs, daggerotypes, etchings, engravings, prints, as well as many other examples, are also artistic creativity. Products can be very different. At the same time, all of them are united by belonging to the social and cultural life under a common name - arts and crafts. Works in this area are distinguished by a special folklore style. No wonder all art crafts originated in the Russian outback, in villages and villages. The products trace the home-grown unpretentiousness and complete absence of the pretentiousness that sometimes occurs in works of fine art. At the same time, the artistic level of folk art is quite high.

In Russia, arts and crafts are part of the country's economic strength. Below is a list of the main directions of folk art crafts, which have received worldwide recognition and are exported in industrial quantities.

1. Lacquer miniatures on a wooden base (Palekh, Mstera, Fedoskino).
2. Zhostovo art painting for metal, Limoges enamel, enamel.
3. Khokhloma, Gorodets, Mezen art on wood.
4. Gzhel, Filimonovsky toy, Dymkovo toy - art painting on ceramics.

Palekh

Palekh national and artistic craft appeared on the Russian open spaces in the early 20th century. The art of lacquer painting arose in a small village of Ivanovo province called Palekh. Fishing was a continuation of the icon painting, which goes back to the pre-Petrine times. Later the masters of Palekh participated in the painting of the Faceted Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin, the Novodevichy Monastery, the cathedrals of the Troitsko-Sergius Lavra.

The revolution of 1917 abolished icon painting, the artists were left without work. In 1918, the masters created the Palekh Artistic Artel, in which wooden hand-made articles were painted. Then the craftsmen learned to create boxes of papier-mâché and paint them in miniature style, using traditional icon-painting technologies.

In 1923, lacquer miniatures were presented at the All-Russian Agricultural and Industrial Exhibition, where they received a diploma of the 2nd degree. And two years later Palekh caskets were exhibited in Paris, at the World Exhibition.

The success of unusual artistic products became a stimulus for the creation of the organizations "Union of Palekh Artists" and "Palekh Art Workshops" under the USSR Art Fund.

Fedoskino

With this word associate Russian varnish painting with the use of oil paints. Fishing appeared in the village of Fedoskino near Moscow in the second half of the 18th century. The drawing was applied to papier-mache products and then varnished in several layers.

The Russian merchant PI Korobov, who visited the German city of Braunschweig, took over the art of the Fedoskino miniature and took over the technologies for the creation of snuff boxes, bubbly boxes, caskets and other items decorated with picturesque pictures.

The Fedoskino lacquer miniature is painted with oil paints in four steps: first a sketch of the pattern is made, then a detailed study ("mopping"), a glaze is covered with transparent paints, the last process is glare that transmits glare and shadows on the image.

Fedoskino technique of drawing provides for the use of an under-paint layer of light-reflecting components: gold leaf, metal powder or potal. In some cases, the master can make a lining of mother-of-pearl. Transparent glaze paint along with the lining creates a unique effect of deep glow. A colorful layer is highlighted by a black background.

Mstera

So called the Russian folk craft, which appeared in the middle of the 18th century in the Vladimir province. It all began with "petty letters" - miniature icons with a drawing of the smallest details. After the revolution of 1917, when the need for icon painting fell away, Mstera moved to caskets and papier-mache boxes. The drawing was done with tempera paints, mixed with egg yolks. By the middle of the 20th century, technologies for the lacquer miniature of the masters were finally formed.

The basic principles of drawing a drawing consist in transferring the general contours from the tracing paper to the surface of the product, then follows "rozkish", drawing directly on the drawing. The next stage is a detailed painting. And finally, "plavi" - the final coloring with a glare, which includes the gold (the smallest golden powder). The finished product is covered with a transparent varnish in six layers with intermediate drying, then it is polished.

Characteristic signs of Mstera painting are carpet decorative, subtle game of shades and three colors used in coloring: yellow ocher, red and silver-blue. The subject of the picture is classical: fairy stories, historical monuments, architecture.

Zhostovo

Folk craft Zhostovo - a metal tray, painted in a special style. Zhostovo art originated in the beginning of the 19th century, in the villages of Troitskoye Volost, in the Moscow region. Residents of three villages (Ostashkov, Zhostovo and Khlebnikovo) were engaged in the manufacture of painted items from papier-mache. And in the workshop of the Vishnyakov brothers began to make trays of tin with a colorful pattern.

The price list of Vishnyakov included two dozen different metal products and papier-mache, all of them were painted, colorfully decorated and in high demand at the fairs, with a painted tray in the foreground.

Zhostovo painting is a flower theme in several variants: a garden bouquet, flowers "voskidku", garland, woven wreath. Field plants made up a separate composition.

Bouquets on the tray look natural due to careful study of small parts. The color palette is used as much as possible saturated. The background, as a rule, is black, the edges of the tray are decorated with an openwork ornament, vegetable or stylized wood structure. Zhostovo tray is always painted by hand and is an exclusive work of art.

Khokhloma

This name was given to the Russian folk craft, rooted in the early 17th century. Khokhloma painting is the most complex and expensive of all the existing methods. Art applied art is a long creative process associated with the processing of wood, a multilayer primer and oil painting.

The process of manufacturing Khokhloma products begins with blanks. First the masters beat the buckets, that is, the wooden bars prick the ax. Then the workpieces are processed on the machines to the desired size and shape. Processed blanks are called "linen". After grinding, they are smeared with a special liquid clay and dried. Then the primed blanks are covered with several layers of linseed oil with intermediate drying. Then follows tinning, or rubbing into the surface of the aluminum powder, after which the product becomes a white-mirror color. At this stage it is ready for painting.

The main colors of khokhloma are black and red (soot and cinnabar), auxiliary paints: gold, brown, light green and yellow. Brushes at the same time are used very thin (they are made exclusively from squirrel tailings), because the smears are applied with a hardly noticeable touch.

The thematic content of the picture is berries of mountain ash, viburnum, strawberry, small foliage, thin, slightly curved green stems. Everything is painted with bright, intense colors, the outlines are clearly marked. The image is built on the principle of contrast.

Gzhel

This is the most popular folk craft, the traditional Russian center for the production of art pottery. It occupies a vast region, consisting of 27 villages, under the general name of Gzhel bush, 60 kilometers from Moscow.

Gzhel places for centuries were famous for deposits of high-grade clay, suitable for apothecary vessels. In 1770 Gzhel volost lands were attributed to the Aptekarsky order. Then in the Gzhel villages the production of bricks, pottery pipes, stove tiles and children's toys for Moscow was established.

The dishes made of Gzhel clay were especially good, light and strong. At the beginning of the 19th century, the township had 25 factories producing dishes. The proximity of Moscow stimulated the development of the release of clay products, the capital's fairs sold a myriad of bowls, plates, dishes and other kitchen utensils.

Gzhel toys at that time were made from wastes of pottery production. No matter how much clay remains, all of it was used for modeling cockerels, chickens, lambs and goats. Initially handicraft workshops worked chaotically, but soon a certain line in production was outlined. Raw materials began to be harvested especially for souvenirs, the masters also specialized in the profile of the most popular products.

White shiny horses and statuettes were painted in different colors until cobalt appeared, a universal paint. Intensive bright blue color as well as possible combined with the white enamel of the workpiece. In the fifties of the last century, artists completely abandoned all other colors and began to use the pale-blue cobalt blue coloring. Motives for drawing could be very different, on any topic.

Other Crafts

The spectrum of Russian folk arts and crafts of arts and crafts is unusually wide. Here and artistic Kasli casting, and chasing with elements of interspersed. Technologies of intarsia and marquetry allow creating magnificent pictures and panels. Russian applied art is an extensive cultural layer of the country, an asset of society.