Anatomy of a woman. Human Anatomy (Biology, Grade 8)

How the organs are located in the body, the principle of their work and the structure of the general structure must be known to every educated individual. That is why the human anatomy is being studied from the school bench.

After all, the elementary principles of topography (that is, the location of internal organs) are very important. Even to understand which organ delivers discomfort and pain, you need to know.

Human Anatomy in School

The initial concepts of the topography of organs and their systems are given at the initial stage of education, in the 4th grade (lessons of the "Surrounding World"). However, in more detail and detailed consideration of the questions of the structure of the human body is moved to the conscious age of children - grade 8.

Before that, the guys have already considered the structure of plants and animals, so they will learn the lesson of anatomy easier, despite the complex, multifaceted material on the structure of man.

This discipline contains many terminological concepts that will be adopted by the end of the year by children in full. Also, the study of the material on this science is impossible without proper teaching aids, especially with regard to clarity.

Tables, slides of presentation materials or interactive drawings and diagrams (or better - all together, in a complex) must be present. The lesson of anatomy is impossible without this, as it can be understood only by looking visually. Much attention in the thematic planning of the discipline is paid to the structure, functioning and significance of the sexual and excretory systems. So, for example, almost at the end of the school year, when children are becoming more mature and can adequately perceive material of the appropriate nature, the anatomy of a woman and a man begins to be studied. Particular attention is paid to the issues of the female part, as they are associated with vital processes - pregnancy and childbirth, fetal embryogenesis.

Features of studying the anatomy of a woman

During the whole academic year, the human anatomy is studied. Women are arranged in exactly the same way as men, so when considering the circulatory, respiratory, excretory, nervous systems, GNI, analyzers, no gender differences are provided. However, when it comes to the structure of the genitourinary system, they are obvious.

There are several main points that include this section of anatomy:

1. Study of the composition and function of the mammary glands.
2. Consideration of the peculiarities of the bone structure of the pelvis.
3. The discovery of mechanisms of action and structure of the reproductive system of a woman, which includes external and internal genital organs.
4. Study of the cyclicity of processes in the female body and their role.
5. Fertilization, the formation of the embryo and its embryonic development during the entire period of pregnancy.
6. Childbirth and ontogeny of the fetus.

The anatomy of a woman is an important and complex issue, quite intimate. But it always causes increased interest in adolescents. That is why it is important to be able to keep and develop it with the right, beautiful and visual presentation of the material.

Mammary gland

Paired formations in the female body, having an external and internal part. The first is a skin-covered organ of various shapes (round, pear-shaped, elongated, and so on). Weight and volume can vary among different female representatives. On the pointed median part of the breast there is a nipple - a special structure through which the product of the lactiferous glands is removed - milk. Around it is a shrouded, darkened part - an areola, or a nipple circle. This area has a different coloration, which depends on the race of the woman and on whether she was a woman in labor. Areola is covered with fine wrinkles, inside consists of smooth and transverse muscles, sebaceous and sweat glands. Through it and the nipples passes a large number of milky glands opening their ducts outward.

The inner part of the breast of a woman is represented by the following structural parts:

• Adipose tissue. Practically 2/3 of the whole mass of the breast falls on it.
• Shares consisting of smaller lobules. Structures that fill a significant part of the internal space of the breast. In total there are about 20 of them, all of them are immersed in a common connective adipose tissue. Inside consist of numerous alveoli, vessels, vesicles, producing milk. Are located radially around each nipple.
• Lymphatic and blood vessels provide the supply of breast with their products, carry out nutrition of the mammary glands.
• The thoracic muscle is a structure to which the breast itself is attached inside the body.

The physiology and anatomy of the mammary glands are directed mainly to one function - the production and excretion of milk through special ducts through the nipple to the outside. In one nipple there can be up to 9 holes through which the liquid leaves.

Topography of mammary glands: located on the anterior thoracic wall between the 3rd and 7th ribs, symmetrical to each other and relative to the central bone. Between the breasts there is a sinus separating them.

Anatomy of a small pelvis of a woman

The main difference between male and female anatomy, of course, is not only in the absence or presence of mammary glands. In fact, the important role played by the structure of the small pelvis and its organs. We will consider them in detail.

Anatomy of the woman's pelvis is represented by 4 main bone structures:

• With two pelvic bones ;
• Sacral;
• Coccygeal.

Together they are fused with muscles and play a very important role in the generic process. Generally, not only small but also a large pelvis is allocated. It is located just above the first. Genetically, it is laid that the female pelvis is wider than the male one, however, it consists of lighter and thinner bones.

A small part has three main formations:

• entrance;
• cavity;
• exit.

The entrance is formed by the fusion of the iliac sac and pubic-pubic bone, it distinguishes three sizes. The cavity of the pelvis is formed by a wide and narrow part. This is where the main organs are located: the internal sex, the bladder and the rectum.

The exit of the pelvis is closed by a special muscular formation - the pelvic floor. It is this structure that contains the most important and functionally important muscles, thanks to the work of which the internal organs of the small pelvis are kept inside without falling out. Also, they are important when pushing the fetus in the process of childbirth.

Thus, a small pelvis is constructed, which is the basic structure, according to which the anatomy of a woman is different. Photos of his and internal organs can be seen below.

Reproductive system of the female body

This includes several main structural parts:

1. External genitalia (pubis, large and small labia, clitoris, vestibule vestibule, hymen).
2. Internal (vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries).
3. The ligamentous apparatus.

Reproductive this system is called because it takes a direct part in the process of fertilization, gestation and development of the fetus and birth. Consider each component in more detail, revealing its purpose and structure.

External genitals

The anatomy of a woman presupposes, first of all, the presence of obvious external differences on the basis of gender. From the external genital organs to such include the mammary glands, and from the parts of the small pelvis - the following structures:

1. Pubis. It is a triangular formation, covered with hairs (in the sexually mature age), whose basis is the bone structure. Has a strong reserve of fatty tissue for thermal and heat regulation and protection from mechanical influences. Function: is a cover that protects deeper lying external organs.
2. Large labia. Skin folds, by nature consisting of subcutaneous fat. Front and back are spliced with spikes. Between them there is a slit formation, called the sexual slit. In the same structure are the Bartholin glands, which secrete a special alkaline secret in the vagina. Outside the body is covered with hairs.
3. Small labia. Are located inside large and at a normal condition adjoin to each other, making the sexual slit closed. Function, like the previous ones, is protective.
4. Clitoris. A small spherical organ consisting of a plexus of nerves and blood vessels and capillaries. Very sensitive, located in front of large and small labia.
5. The vestibule of the vagina. The structure that precedes the direct entrance to the vagina. The ducts of the bartholin glands also open here, the urethra goes out.
6. The hymen is a thin film that protects the entrance to the vagina. It is an organ from connective tissue. This is a structure that provides for a woman's unstable anatomy. Internal organs and external are separated with its help only up to the first sexual intercourse, after it the hymenal papillae remain on the place of the hymen.

These are all organs that are external in the sexual apparatus of the female body.

Internal genitals

They are few, but they can not be overestimated. It is these structures that are designed for the formation and bearing of the fetus, the formation of female sex cells and the removal of the child to the outside.

1. Uterus. We will consider this body separately.
2. Vagina. This part is one of the main, which represents the anatomy of a woman. Muscular organ with an elongated cylindrical form (tube) up to 10 cm long. The walls are lined with multilayered flat epithelium, through which the blood and lymphatic vessels supply mucus to the vagina. Due to this, the body always remains hydrated. Also there is its own microflora, consisting of rod-shaped bacteria, cells and mucus. Normally it is constantly updated, and the old one is removed in the form of excretions. They have an acidic reaction medium, milky white, translucent color and characteristic odor. Since the walls of the vagina are muscular, it can stretch and contract, which is necessary in the generic process. In the upper part of the tube four vaults of this organ are formed. The anterior part of the organ abuts the bladder, and the posterior part - to the rectum.
3. Ovaries. Paired organ, which is a gland of internal secretion. Located on the sides of the uterus. It consists of a cerebral substance, connective tissue, permeated with blood and lymphatic vessels. The walls are lined with a cortical layer, a white membrane and an outer epithelium. Inside the ovaries, the monthly formation of mature eggs. Also, they produce specific hormones responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in the female sex. During pregnancy, the ovaries produce additional substances of special purpose.

In general, all the organs of the small pelvis are an important distinctive feature, which the woman's anatomy has. Pictures, which are in large numbers present in different reference materials, in sufficient detail and accurately reflect their structure and topography.

Uterus

The muscular hollow organ is triangular in shape. It consists of three main parts:

• The bottom of the uterus (the lower part of the triangle tapering at the base);
• Isthmus;
• neck.

The woman's anatomy treats the uterus as the most important organ for the childbirth and bearing of the fetus. The structure itself consists of several cell layers, these are: the mucous membrane, the middle muscular and internal serous, covering the uterus and separating it from the peritoneal part.

The uterine neck plays an important role in protecting the internal contents of the organ from harmful vaginal bacteria, since it is located at the junction of these two structures. It is represented by a small tube filled with mucus, which interferes with the penetration of harmful substances and organisms.

Fallopian tubes are paired formations that extend from the corners of the uterus. Formed by the same layers as the uterus. Their length is about 12 cm.

The ligamentous device is a special structure that serves to support the uterus and ovaries. It consists of the following bundles:

• Paired round;
• Own ligament of the ovaries;
• Voroncotazovye;
• Wide.

Together, these structures form a stable position of the uterus and ovaries.

Menstrual cycle

This process is a monthly repetition of the formation of follicles, which must be excreted along with blood and dead particles, cells and microorganisms.

This cycle is designed to prepare the female body for pregnancy and childbirth. There are complex processes, accompanied by the production of special hormones.

Pregnancy

The anatomy of a pregnant woman is greatly modified. After all, the fetus that develops in the uterus grows. This leads to pressure on all other internal organs and, as a consequence, entails a change in their location. The liver becomes practically in the vertical position, being guided along the uterus. The rectum is under pressure, which often causes constipation in a woman. The diaphragm rises and locks in this position, which gives a feeling of constriction and difficulty breathing.

However, nature provides for all aspects of change, so such trends are considered the norm. The gestation period is 40 weeks. The process of delivery is very complex, in which the child passes through the birth canal head down. Duration varies depending on the individual characteristics of the female body.