What is a proper name? Own names: examples

In the world, a huge number of very diverse phenomena. For each of them there is a name in the language. If it calls a whole group of objects, then such a word is a common noun. When there is a need to name one object from a number of homogeneous, then in the language for it there are own names.

Common and proper nouns

Nouns are nouns that designate a whole class of objects, united by some common signs. For example:

• Each water stream can be called one word - a river.
• Any plant with a trunk and branches is a tree.
• All animals are gray in color, large in size, with a trunk instead of a nose called elephants.
• Giraffe - any animal with a long neck, small horns and high growth.

Own names are nouns that single out one subject from the whole class of similar phenomena. For example:

• The dog's name is Druzhok.
• The name of my cat is Murka.
• This river is the Volga.
• The deepest lake is Lake Baikal.

When we know what is your own name, you can perform the following task.

Practical task number 1

Which of the nouns are their own?

Moscow; city; Earth; planet; Beetle; dog; Vlad; boy; Radio station; "Lighthouse".

A large letter in the names of your own

As you can see from the first task, the proper names, unlike the common nouns, are written with a capital letter. Sometimes it happens that the same word is written with a small letter, then with a large one:

• Bird eagle, Orel town, ship "Orel";
• Strong love, girl Love;
• Early spring, lotion "Spring";
• River willow, restaurant "Willow".

If you know what is your own name, then you understand the reason for this phenomenon simply: from the capital letter write words denoting single objects to separate them from others of the same kind.

Quotation marks for own names

In order to know how to correctly use quotation marks in your own names, it is necessary to learn the following: the proper names denoting the phenomena in the world created by the hands of a person are detached. Signs of isolation in this case are quoted:

• The Novy Mir newspaper;
• Do it yourself magazine;
• Factory "Amta";
• Hotel "Astoria";
• The ship "Swift".

The transition of words from common to proprietary and vice versa

It can not be said that the distinction between the categories of proper and nominal names is unshakable. Sometimes common names become their own. We spoke about the rules for writing them above. What are your own names? Examples of transition from the category of common nouns:

• Cream "Spring";
• Perfume "Jasmine";
• Cinema "Dawn";
• The magazine Rabotnitsa.

Proper names also easily become generalized names of homogeneous phenomena. Below are their own names, which can already be called generic:

• These are me young Don Juan!
• Met in Newtons, and we do not know the formulas;
• All of you Pushkin, until dictation is written.

Practical task number 2

In which sentences are there proper nouns?

1. We decided to meet at the "Ocean".

2. In the summer I bathed in the real ocean.

3. Anton decided to give his favorite perfume "Rose".

4. The rose was cut in the morning.

5. We are all Socrates in our kitchen.

6. This idea was first put forward by Socrates.

Classification of names of own

It would seem easy to learn what is its own name, but it is still necessary to repeat the main thing - the proper names are assigned to one subject from a whole series. It is advisable to classify such series of phenomena:

The names of people, surnames, patronymics, nicknames of animals are animate nouns, and the geographical names and designations of everything created by man are inanimate. This is how their own names are characterized from the point of view of the category of animation.

Own names in the plural

It is necessary to dwell on one point, which is caused by the semantics of the studied linguistic units. The peculiarities of own names are that they are rarely used in the plural. You can use them to denote several items, if they have the same proper name:

• There are several Alexanders in our class.
• In the younger group there were six Nast.

Surname can be used in multiplayer. Number in two cases. Firstly, if it means a family, people who are related to each other:

• The Ivanovs decided to gather for dinner with the whole family.
• Spouses Karenina lived in St. Petersburg.
• The Zhurbin dynasty had a hundred-year work experience at the metallurgical plant for all.

Secondly, if they call namesakes:

• In the registry you can find hundreds of Ivanovs.
• They are my full namesakes: Grigoryevs Alexandra.

Names own - inconsistent definitions

One of the tasks of the USE on the Russian language requires knowledge of what is its own name. From the graduates it is required to establish the correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical mistakes made in them . One such violation is the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application. The fact is that the proper name, which is an uncoordinated application, does not change with cases with the main word. Examples of such sentences with grammatical errors are given below:

• Lermontov was not enthusiastic about his poem "The Demon" (the poem "The Demon").
• Dostoevsky described the spiritual crisis of his time in the novel "The Brothers Karamazov" (in the novel "The Brothers Karamazov").
• About the film "Taras Bulba" they say and write a lot (On the film "Taras Bulba").

If the proper name acts as a complement, that is, in the absence of a definable word, then it can change its form:

• Lermontov was not enthusiastic about his "Demon".
• Dostoevsky described the spiritual crisis of his time in The Brothers Karamazov.
• About "Taras Bulba" they say and write a lot.

Practical task number 3

What proposals have errors?

1. We stood for a long time at the picture "Burlakov on the Volga".

2. In "The Hero of His Time" Lermontov sought to uncover the problems of his era.

3. In the Pechorin Magazine, the vices of a secular man are revealed.

4). In the story "Maxim Maksimych" reveals the image of a beautiful person.

5. In his opera The Snow Maiden, Rimsky-Korsakov sang love as the highest ideal of humanity.