Otymennye adjectives - spelling

Probably, if adjectives suddenly disappeared from our lexicon, people would still be able to communicate. Other parts of speech would be enough to express primitive needs: you need something, I want it! But without the words with which we describe beauty and ugliness, love and sorrow, weakness and power, the language as such, would not exist.

On Adjectives

An adjective refers to a part of speech describing various signs and answering the questions "what?", "Whose?" (Respectively, "which?", "Whose?", Etc.). The adjective tells about such properties of an object as color ( white, green ), smell or taste ( floral, salty, spicy ). With the help of adjectives characterize a person ( kind, nasty ), the quality of the material ( brittle, hard ). You can evaluate someone's activity ( good, bad ), talk about mental abilities ( wise, stupid ). In other words, only adjectives make our language precise and capacious, giving it many different shades.

A large section of grammar is devoted to the study of adjectives, their properties and features. Let us dwell only on one type of these parts of speech. Meet: adjectival adjectives!

About the Formation Formations

Known formations are those that originated from the stem of the noun or adjective (not from the verb). There are regular verbs ( supper, harmful ), there are even odious pretexts ( in view of, as a result, about ). But there can be and odimennye adjectives. Examples of such words, formed on behalf of the noun: businesslike, garden, holey, straw, terrestrial, transcendental , and many others. Let's talk about this in more detail.

On the properties of adjectives

The adjective adjectives are just a separate kind of a large family of data parts of speech. Therefore, the characteristics applied to all adjectives also apply to the wording. So, by lexical meaning they can be attributed to the 3 rd groups: relative, possessive, qualitative.

Qualitative adjectives report various properties of objects, such as weight and size ( small, light ), color and appearance ( white, full ), age and character ( young, evil ), etc. Relative adjectives also describe the signs of nouns, but Indirectly, by their relation to other subjects. Material ( paper, iron ), place ( rural, urban ), time ( today, winter ), action ( harvest, repair ), concept ( mathematical ), number ( double ), etc. can serve as objects of such an attitude. Possessive adjectives characterize Belonging to someone, they answer the questions "whose?" ("Whose?", "Whose?", "Whose?"). Examples of possessive adjectives: hare, paternal, fish .

As we see, in each group there are also adjective adjectives. Examples: possessive "wolf" from the noun "wolf", relative "straw" (from "straw"), qualitative "gold" (from "gold"). By the way, on the example of the word "golden", we see how one and the same word can be attributed to different types. In combination "golden soul" this adjective appears as a qualitative, and in the expression "gold ring" - as relative.

About suffixes

The formation of adjectival adjectives occurs by adding to the roots of noun prefixes, suffixes, endings. Prefixes (endpoints) and endings usually do not cause special questions, but the suffixes should be discussed in more detail. The suffixes of the adjective are quite diverse. But in most cases the correct spelling is easy to remember. In the suffixes "liv" and "chiv" there can be only "and": deceptive, conscientious . In the case of suffixes "willows" and "euchs", the spelling rule looks like this: in the stressed syllable is written "willow", in the unstressed syllable "uv" ( whiny , but helmsman ). The exception to the rule is the words "gracious" and "holy fool". Suffixes "ov", "ovat", "ovit" are written after solid consonants, except for "ts". Examples: master, guilty, businesslike . After soft consonants, sibilants and "ts" variants of suffixes used, respectively, "ev", "evata", "evit": glove, glossy, glossy . It makes sense to dwell on those cases when the spelling of the suffixes of the original adjectives raises many questions.

About the suffix "ck"

Why do we write "German", but "French"? Such questions are often puzzling. The fact is that in the first case there is a suffix "k", and in the second "ck". But how do you know when each of them is spelled? The spelling of the adjectival adjectives here is governed by the following rule. If the stem of the noun ends in "k", "ts" or "h", then the suffix "k" should be used, while the letters "k" and "h" at the base of the word change to "ts": weaver - weaving, Kulak, blacksmith - Kuznetsk . The suffix "ck" is more often used in relative adjectives. Example: Prague - Prague (here in the root of the noun there is a change of "g" to "g"), a sailor - sailor (here "c" in the root of the noun, together with the suffix "ck" will double the letter.) If the noun ends in "ck" , As occurs in a number of old Russian names (Omsk, Eysk), then adjectival adjectives are formed generally without a suffix: Yeysky, Omsk .

It is interesting to write some adjectival adjectives formed from foreign geographical terms. We write Welsh (from Wales), omitting the letter "c" from the root, but adding the suffix "ck". " At the same time in the word daugavpils (from Daugavpils), "c" from the root of the noun, together with the suffix "ck" will give us twice the "c" in the adjective. In the case of the adjective Damascus (from Damascus), the letter "k" at the end of the noun is lost, so "ss" is written.

What do these examples say? On the ambiguity of the language and on various exceptions. So, contrary to the rules, we write: Tajik, Uzbek (and not Tajik, Uzbek ). These and other adjectives, the writing of which does not fall under the generally accepted rules, should simply be memorized.

Do not double!

The letter "n" in the suffix of the adjective causes most questions. When should I use it alone, and when should I double it?

The first thing to do is to extract the root of the nouns from which the adjectival adjectives originated. The rule is simple: if this root does not end with "n", then in most cases there will be no doubling. Dacha (from the dacha ) - in such words, even thoughts will not arise anything to double. In the suffixes "en", "yang", "in", there will also be no doubling: leather (skin), bee (bee), earth (earth) . True, there are a few words where this rule does not work: glass, wooden, tin .

Important! In a number of nouns with the ending of the root "n", the formation of an omnipotent possessive adjective occurs generally without a suffix. Examples: boar, pig, crow, deer , etc. It is necessary to remember the existence of such words, so as not to ask, it would seem, a logical question: "Why are only one" n "written in them?"

The use of "nn" in the original adjectives

According to the accepted rules, we double the "n" in the case of the adjective adjectives formed with the suffix "enn" or "onn". For example: cranberry, promotional, excursion. By the way, under the same rule, and the usual qualitative adjectives with the same suffix, emphasizing the highest degree of characteristics: broad, hefty .

Doubling "n" is typical for those adjectives that have evolved from nouns to "me": name, seed, banner, tribe . The resulting result will look like this: nominal, tribal, seed, (red) banners .

With two "n" it is necessary to write and those adjectival adjectives, the original noun for which at the end of the root had the letter "n". Here, doubling occurs because the "n" suffix is added to the already existing letter: valuable (price), long (length), instant (instant) .

Look at the root!

The Russian language is not easy, and some decisions do not always seem obvious. Therefore, it is worth repeating once again about the need to distinguish the root of the noun: this is often conducive to the correct spelling of the adjective. Why do we write swan , but ancient ? Because in the first example we have the suffix "in", where there can not be a duplication. In the second case, "n" from the root of the noun "old man" is added "n" from the suffix, which gives us a doubling.

Conclusion

Probably, you can live without adjectives. But what kind of language is this? Primitive, limited, devoid of precision and beauty. There will be no poetry, no prose, not even signs of civilization. Therefore, the study of adjectives is extremely necessary and at the same time extremely interesting.