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What is a class monarchy? Concept, characteristics and examples

In describing the political system and institutions of European powers in the Middle Ages, we often encounter the notion of "class monarchy". This form of government was characteristic of France, Russia, Germany, etc. In this article we will discuss what a "estate monarchy" is, consider its features and embodiment on examples of medieval countries.

Definition of concept

The monarchy is a form of government in which the supreme power is in the hands of one person and is inherited. Traditionally, it is divided into several types: absolute, early feudal, patrimonial, estate-representative, theocratic. So, what is a class monarchy? This is a form of government, which was common in the Western European powers in the Middle Ages. It is characterized by the participation of representatives of different (or one) estates in the governance of the country. These bodies could perform legislative and advisory functions.

Characteristic

1. Limited power of the monarch.
2. Division of the population of the state into estates.
3. Centralization of management.
4. The presence of politically active people from different classes.
5. Delineation of the functions of state management between the monarch and the representative body.

In order to better understand what a class monarchy is, one should consider its characteristics on the examples of medieval countries.

Estate monarchy in England

This form of government was established in England in the 13th century. Before that time feudal estates had already taken shape in the country. The top of the society consisted of barons. Significant role in the economic life of England began to play the nobility. In addition, their positions were reinforced by the gentry and the city elite. Under John the Landless, the feudal estates began a struggle against supreme power. Already in the 60-ies. XIII century. It developed into a civil war. The result of this struggle was the creation in 1295 of the "Model" Parliament. It included large spiritual and secular feudal lords. During the period of the estate-representative monarchy, the functions of the English parliament consisted in determining the amount of taxes and in controlling the highest officials. Later this body received the right to participate in the adoption of laws. In the XIV century. Under Edward III, the parliament was divided into two chambers: communities and lords. The first consisted of knights and philistines, the second - from barons or hereditary peers (in a later period).

Estates monarchy in France

The first estate-representative body of the country was established at the time of Philip IV. Since 1484, it has become known as the General States. It should be noted that this body was in close alliance with the royal power and in fact expressed its interests. In the composition of the General States, all three French estates (clergy, nobility and "third") were represented. The king, as a rule, used the General States to support in different situations. He even asked the opinion of estates about the laws, although they did not require the consent or approval of this body. General states could also apply to a representative of the highest authority with requests or protests. Natives of different classes met and discussed the issues separately. This did not exclude conflicts between social groups. From the end of XIII century. In provincial (local) states begin to gather in France. A big role among them in the XV century. Played the Paris Parliament.

Estate monarchy in Russia

In Russia, this form of government emerges in 1569, when Ivan the Terrible summoned the first Council. It should be noted that the formation of representative bodies in this state had its own peculiarities. Unlike the European powers, in Russia the Zemsky Sobors did not limit the power of the tsar. This authority included the Boyar Duma, the Sanctified Council and elected representatives from among the burghers and nobles. The organs of the estate monarchy in Russia were convened by a special order of the tsar. Zemsky Sobors were called to discuss the most important national issues. They made decisions in the field of foreign and tax policy, and also elected the head of state. Thus, B. Godunov, V. Shuisky and M. Romanov entered the throne at the invitation of the Zemsky Sobor.

Since the 30-ies of the XVI century. In Russia there was an order system. Most actively it was formed during the reign of Ivan the Terrible. Orders were both judicial and administrative authorities and were created in all territorial units.

Classical monarchy in Germany

The main reputable representative body of power in Germany was the Reichstag. Unlike similar institutions in England and France, it consisted exclusively of "imperial ranks," which could not become the spokesman for the interests of the whole people. The Reichstag took shape in the 14th century. And included three curiae: imperial princes, electors, imperial cities. The first role played the main role in the life of the state. The Curia of the imperial cities did not have a decisive vote on any issues. Her work was subordinated to the policy of the princes.

The Reichstag was convened by the emperor twice a year. Representatives of different curiae gathered and made decisions separately. The Reichstag had no strictly defined functions. This body together with the emperor discussed foreign policy, military, financial or territorial problems. However, his influence on state affairs was minimal.

conclusions

Thus, in order to understand what a class monarchy is, it is necessary to analyze its functioning on the examples of different countries. In the states considered, representative bodies of power were formed in the 13th-15th centuries. As a rule, they consisted of representatives of all classes. However, during the adoption of any decisions the main word was for the nobility and the clergy.

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