Types of biopsy and indications for conduction

At present, the number of cancer diseases is growing every day. There are many prerequisites for this, but in such situations it is very important to correctly and quickly diagnose, only then it is possible to achieve the effectiveness of treatment. There are many methods for diagnosing cancer, one of them is biopsy. Types, meaning of this method can be different, we will try to get acquainted with them in our article.

Essence of the biopsy

This study is designed to clarify the diagnosis or refinement of what is already available. The accuracy of the biopsy is almost 100%. During the study, a small area is taken from any organ, depending on the location of the tumor and pathology.

If biopsy is suspected, a biopsy will be administered first. Biopsy takes biological material and conducts its study under a microscope. If there is a development of a cancerous tumor or other pathological process, then the tissues always begin to change, which is simply impossible not to notice under the microscope.

Biopsy specimens

Types of biopsies can be different, they can even differ depending on the area of medicine:

1. A puncture biopsy. For the study, biological material is taken with a syringe or an aspirating gun.
2. Smears-prints. Such a biopsy is reduced to applying a slide to the surface of the tumor to get some material to study.
3. Excisional biopsy means complete removal of the tumor along with surrounding tissues.
4. An incisional biopsy is the taking of biological material from the tumor itself.
5. Trepan biopsy. It is carried out with the use of special needles, with their help receive a column of tissue from the neoplasm.

Not only different types of biopsies are shown, but also methods of taking biological material for research.

Methods of sampling biological material

Depending on the location of the tumor, doctors use one or another method of taking the material.

Fine needle biopsy. In this form, the material is taken with a needle, which is injected into the pathological area.

Smears-prints are taken from the cervix with suspicion of oncology.

Thick-needle biopsy involves the production of more tissues, for example, with suspected liver, prostate and breast cancer.

Aspiration biopsy. The material is collected using an aspirator. This method makes it possible to obtain simultaneously several fragments of tissues.

The material can be taken under the control of scanning, it can be X-ray, MRI or ultrasound. They allow the doctor to monitor the position of the needle.

A biopsy can be performed during a surgical procedure.

Fence material during endoscopy or fibrogastroduodenoscopy. This method is often practiced in case of suspected oncological disease of the colon, stomach, esophagus.

Given the severity of the pathology, its location, the doctor decides on the method of taking the material for the cytological study.

Laboratory tumor biopsy

It does not matter what kinds of biopsies the doctor uses, cytological diagnosis will make it possible to make an accurate diagnosis. After the biological material is taken, it is sent to the laboratory for a series of studies.

Histological examination of tissues is carried out. Pre-taken material is dehydrated with special fatty solutions, so that it can then be impregnated with paraffin. Then the thinnest sections are made and placed on a slide. For better visibility, the preparations are often stained.

Carry out a cytological examination. The process of preparation of seized tissues practically does not differ from the previous study. But there is a fundamental difference in cytology - oncological diseases are established by the qualitative characteristics of a cancerous tumor. This method of study is considered less informative, but when it is impossible to remove a piece of tissue, it is optimal.

Types of Breast Biopsy

Breast cancer is a fairly common pathology among the female population. This kind of oncology is now quite well amenable to therapy if it is detected in the early stages, but not all women take their health seriously, which sometimes leads to unfortunate consequences. Often we go to the doctor when the disease has gone too far. To make an accurate diagnosis in the diagnosis of breast diseases, use the following types of biopsy:

1. Fine needle aspiration. It is used when the pathological area in the chest is well probed. A woman can sit, the biopsy site is well treated with an antiseptic solution, a thin needle is inserted, then a small amount of tissue or liquid is drawn by a syringe if it was a cyst.
2. Stereotactic fine needle biopsy. With the help of a needle, tissues are taken for examination from different places of the tumor. With a deep disposition of the pathology resorted to taking material to help with ultrasound or mammography to accurately determine the location of the tumor.
3. Thick-needle biopsy of the mammary gland is performed to obtain a large area of tissue. To do this, use a thick needle with a special cutting device.
4. An incisional biopsy is performed under local anesthesia, since it is necessary to obtain a piece of the tissue of the tumor itself.
5. Excisional biopsy is a kind of small operation, during which the doctor cuts out only part or all of the tumor, it all depends on its size.

At what pathologies of mammary glands biopsy is appointed or nominated

Different types of biopsies in oncology are important, but such a study can reveal other diseases, or rather, exclude oncology with them:

• Mastitis, which often develops in nursing women;
• Mastopathy, it can be of different forms and one of them can pass into oncology;
• A cyst of a mammary gland ;
• Fibroadenoma;
• Intraprostatic papilloma.

With all these pathologies, a biopsy is necessarily done to exclude a more serious disease and accurately diagnose.

Cervical biopsy

We examined what a biopsy (definition, types of breast cancer oncology) is, but it is also a common research in pathologies of the cervix. The doctor-gynecologist appoints such procedure and pursues the following purposes: to confirm, specify or refute the diagnosis, which was put after cytological research.

The basis for the appointment of cervical biopsy is the presence of the following pathologies:

• Erosion, because the disease can be a symptom of cancer;
• Detection of the compaction or neoplasm during examination;
• A positive response to HPV;
• Altered cellular structures that were identified after cytological examination;
• Exophytic kandilomy.

Types of biopsies of the cervix can be used different, depending on the purpose and size of the pathological site. Here are the types that are most often used:

1. A guided biopsy is performed by a thin needle under the control of a colposcope.
2. Loop, or radio wave, biopsy. During it, a wire loop is laid on the area to be studied, and a current flows through it, which leads to necrosis. The material obtained in this way is not damaged and is ready for investigation.
3. A wedge biopsy is performed with a scalpel. Epithelial and connective tissue is cut to a depth of 3 mm. After such intervention, seams are superimposed.

Types of biopsies of the cervix are chosen by the doctor with all indicators taken into account.

Method of cervical biopsy

The need for biopsies of the cervix must be discussed with the patient. The doctor informs the woman of the possible consequences and takes her written consent to the procedure. It is carried out on the 5th-7th day of the monthly cycle.

Before taking the material, the cervix is carefully treated with an antiseptic solution. The process is controlled by mirrors or a colposcope. If a large intervention is required, anesthesia is performed.

Taking into account the type of biopsy, the entire pathological site or part of it is excised. After the procedure, the wound is treated with a blood-restoring compound and, if required, joints are superimposed.

What can the results of a cervical biopsy tell?

After the removal of the biological material, it is sent for histological and cytological examination, which allows revealing the following pathologies:

• Carcinoma;
• Dysplasia;
• Background processes of various origins.

In the study, a terrible diagnosis can not be confirmed, but minor changes in cellular structures that can be provoked are found:

• Benign tumors;
• Infectious diseases;
• Hormonal disorders.

Cervical biopsy is one of the main diagnostic procedures. Its results allow you to diagnose with an accuracy of 100%, which makes it much easier for the doctor to choose the tactics of treatment.

Recommendations for patients before biopsy

Very often, the biopsy procedure is performed directly in the doctor's office, whether it's a mammalogist, gynecologist or other specialist. In very rare cases, hospitalization is required.

Before carrying out the procedure, the doctor must inform the patient of the following information:

1. It is necessary to temporarily stop taking anticoagulants.
2. Cancel the use of anti-inflammatory drugs.
3. Do not take in the next few days before the procedure "Aspirin" and its analogs.
4. If instability of emotional state is noticed, the doctor recommends taking sedatives.
5. Before the procedure itself, do not eat and drink.
6. It is necessary to monitor the observance of asepsis and antiseptics.

If the doctor discusses all these questions beforehand with the patient, then, as a rule, the procedure is carried out in a regular mode.

Adverse effects of biopsy

We examined what is a biopsy, species, meaning. Methods of study exist different, but this is the most informative, it allows you to accurately and quickly diagnose. Very rarely after a biopsy there are complications. If the procedure is carried out by a specialist, everything goes smoothly and without consequences, but the development of the following undesirable phenomena should not be ruled out.

There may be bleeding from the area of the material intake. After the procedure, the wound is always treated with blood-resurfacing solutions and a dressing is applied, if required. It is important to avoid bleeding with bronchoscopy of the lungs, otherwise this can lead to serious consequences.

It is clear that a biopsy leads to organ damage. But the rupture of tissues and the formation of hematomas occurs when the procedure is performed by an unqualified specialist. In these cases, it is important to prevent infection.

There may be infection of the site under investigation. This happens if the rules of asepsis and antiseptics are not respected.

Septic shock can provoke the active spread of bacterial infection.

Avoid all complications, whatever biopsy types are used, you can use modern equipment and always follow the rules of sanitation. This will prevent infection from entering the wound and complications.

So, we examined in detail the types of biopsies. Pathanatomy is a science that studies pathological processes in tissues. So a biopsy is one of her methods, but I must say that the most informative and accurate. The most important thing is for patients to call the doctor on time, then you can not only make the correct diagnosis, but also not be late with treatment.

Take care of yourself and take responsibility for your health.