The problem situation is ... Solution and creating a problem situation

New educational standards are introduced not only in educational institutions, but also in kindergartens. A graduate of a pre-school educational institution must have certain skills:

• To solve personal and intellectual problems corresponding to his age;
• Use the knowledge gained for setting new tasks, solving them.

Features of Problem Learning

The method of problem situations involves learning, the basis of which is the acquisition of knowledge by solving practical and theoretical problems. The teacher of a kindergarten applying this method develops the ability of her pupils to independently set a goal, to search for ways to achieve it, and to analyze the result obtained. Let us analyze various ways of creating a problem situation with the help of which preschoolers learn to search for information on their own, use knowledge in everyday life.

What is the goal of problem learning

Solving problem situations contributes to the formation of creative abilities of schoolchildren, develops their independence. It is important to understand that such training involves establishing a close relationship between an adult and children. Creating a problem situation - the tasks of the educator. He must pass along with the guys a complex chain, the beginning of which will be simple observation, and the result - active participation in solving the problem. Thanks to the new knowledge obtained in the course of such joint work, the child learns new characteristics of the studied object, learns to put questions, look for answers to them.

Features of Problem Learning

In Russia there is a serious reform of education, new methods and forms of preschool education arise. Pre-school establishments of new types are being created in the country, aimed at the formation of morality, intellectual abilities of children of primary school age. Considerable attention is paid in preschool education to the gradual formation of mental actions, the ability to solve problem situations, the tasks set by the teacher.

Relevance of training

Such training differs from the traditional preparation of preschool children by cognitive activity. Preschoolers receive the skills of self-education, self-education, which will be useful for them in school life. A qualitative analysis of the problem situation is a way of obtaining a new life experience.

The history of problematic technology

The history of the application of problem training is rooted in the deep past. In the works of IG Pestalozzi, J.-J. Rousseau offered "active teaching methods." The problem situation is a way of acquiring new experience, stimulating children's own activity. In the early 20th century, American educator J. Dewey developed the concept of problem-based learning. He proposed the traditional option of teaching preschool and primary school children to be replaced by independent teaching by solving various practical problems. As a result of numerous experiments conducted by Dewey, he was convinced that problematic situations for preschool children give much more opportunities than verbal (book, verbal) training, related to the simple memorization of the material. It is Dewey's modern pedagogy due to the emergence of the concept of a "complete act of thinking." Active learning, offered at the beginning of the last century, in Russia "stuck" only with the introduction of new educational standards.

Examples of problem situations for preschoolers

Let's give an example of a problem situation for preschoolers. Children are offered cubes of different shapes and sizes, from which they must build a house. Having received the task, the children must first think over the plan of their actions, pick up cubes in shape, size, so that the construction of the house is sustainable. If children miss these moments, they will not be able to cope with the task that the educator set before them. During joint activity, children learn to communicate, a sense of collectivism is formed.

The essence of the problematic education of preschool children

Such training has varieties, depending on how the teacher poses the problem. The problem situation is aimed at personalizing knowledge, the creative development of preschool children. In kindergartens are widely developed role-playing games, which involve exactly problematic training. Trying on the profession of a doctor, a child learns to communicate with "patients". Such experience will help him in choosing a future profession, will be an excellent incentive for acquiring new knowledge. Being in the pre-school educational institution, the child learns to overcome intellectual difficulties, for him the problem situation is a great opportunity to prove himself. It is the problem that prompts the preschooler to think, teaches him to choose from a large amount of information only that which he will need to overcome the current situation. Contradictions, which are inherent in this technique, will be the main mechanism for activating the cognitive activity of future first-graders.

Recommendations for conducting classes in the classroom

Any problematic situation is a situation unaccustomed to the child. The search for the optimal way of solving the problem depends on the creativity of the educator. Problem training involves organizing through the game creative and research activities of preschoolers. Applying various methods of forming cognitive activity in their pupils, the teacher influences primarily on the emotional-volitional sphere of children. The teacher cares about that, when learning new knowledge, children experience a sense of satisfaction, pleasure, joy. The problem situation created by the caregiver is an opportunity to evoke in children a feeling of admiration, inability, surprise.

Creativity, creative independence of the preschooler, flexibility, heuristic thinking are signs of skill and desire to create, compose, invent, invent new images.

Working on the project, the child receives pleasure from his activity, experiences positive emotions. Only in this case it will be possible to talk about the full development of the creative potential of a preschool child, the formation of a harmonious personality.

How to create problem situations

Contradiction is the connecting link of problem training, and therefore it is important to correctly put the question before the child. Most often, questions, absolutely different in structure, are set by the children themselves: "Why does not a fur coat warm?"; "Why does a plant drink water, but it does not flow out of it?"; "Why does a chicken have wings, but it does not fly away?"; "Why is the earth round?" Those problems that the children put forward, the teacher writes or memorizes, and in the classroom addresses them to the whole group. The educator should direct the children to seek an answer to the question, pay attention precisely to the contradiction, so that the correct decision is fixed in the child's mind. The teacher intentionally formulates contradictions between the scientific facts that are known to the child, and life situations.

Case studies

Studying the properties of water, children learn that 80 percent of people and animals are made up of water. To create a problem situation, the teacher asks: "Why is our body not liquid, because there is so much water in us?" Together with the teacher, the guys are looking for an answer and come to the conclusion that water is inside the body, therefore, it does not flow out of the person. The educator, during the search for an answer to the question posed, listens to all the arguments of the children, encourages them for their activity, and attempts to show their knowledge. After all the guys offer their answers, a common solution is jointly chosen.

To find the right answer, you can conduct an experiment. Children together with the teacher (or parents) rub the carrots, beets, potatoes, squeeze out the juice, then compare the volume of the received liquid. A small study conducted by future scientists will be a real discovery for children. Having created a problem situation, the educator forces his students to gain knowledge, develop, improve themselves.

Unusual postcards

A problem situation can be created in physical education classes. The lesson "Greeting cards for Piglet" can be played in a game form. The teacher addresses the children with a request to help pick up a gift for Piglet. In the cartoon about Winnie the Pooh, it's a gift for a donkey, so the question of what to give Piglet, at first seems strange to the children. The guys offer different items that could be given to Piglet. Ordinary gymnastics can be turned into an exciting workshop in which each child will be busy making an unusual postcard for the cartoon character. It is necessary not only to invent a postcard, but also to find all the details for it. For starters, the guys fill their magic boxes (boxes for work). In each section of the box are added certain details: circles, flowers, leaves. Together with the tutor, children pronounce a magic spell, the words of which the teacher himself comes up with. And only after such an unusual ritual the guys begin to create greeting cards for the fabulous Piglet. Each child receives at the end of his work an individual postcard, ready products can be hung out on a special stand.

The Importance of Problem Learning

Any problem situation proposed by the teacher, inspires preschoolers, helps to awaken and form cognitive activity, develop creative potential. The hypothesis that the educator puts forward at the beginning of the lesson is also a variant of problem training.

Conclusion

When familiarizing children with the world around them, problem training is a priority. If it is necessary to solve a specific task, the child concentrates his attention, memory develops, he adapts much more quickly to everyday life. With the independent formulation of the hypothesis, preschool children learn to set goals for the lesson, to search for options and forms of research. When creating any problem situations, adults intentionally encourage children to put forward hypotheses, teach them to formulate conclusions. The child is not afraid to make a mistake, because he is sure that his initiative will not be punished, but, on the contrary, every statement of the child will necessarily be encouraged by the educator.

Solve problems independently without fear of mistakes - this is the ultimate goal of problematic preschool education. Modern education reform in our country is undergoing serious changes, and the introduction of new federal educational standards is primarily associated with the implementation of a problematic method of instruction in pre-school institutions. There are also first positive results of such reform, confirming the importance and timeliness of GEF. Children who can plan their activities, sum up the work, will not experience any special problems during their education in educational institutions.