The formula of net assets by balance. How to calculate net assets by balance: the formula. Calculation of net assets LLC: formula

There is a fairly large number of financial indicators that can characterize how effective the business model of a particular commercial firm is. Among these are net assets. This indicator may interest the investor, partner, lender, it is also useful for the managers of the company responsible for its development. How is the value of net assets in modern Russian companies calculated? What credentials can be used?

What are net assets?

Let's study for the beginning the essence of the term in question. Net assets are a financial indicator that is defined as the difference between all assets of an organization (LLC or AO) that are accepted for accounting and liabilities that are also recorded in the accounting department. At the same time, the definition of figures for each of the components of the formula of net assets is, as a rule, based on the provisions of regulatory legal acts, as well as various orders and letters of government departments. But there are also formulas for calculating this indicator, determined in the scientific and expert environment. But, before investigating them, it will be useful to study the structure in which the company's net assets can be represented.

Structure of net assets

As we noted above, the indicator in question is calculated as the difference between the actual amount of all assets and liabilities. In accordance with the prevailing view among the Russian economists, the first should include:

• Non-current assets represented by fixed assets, intangible assets, unfinished construction, long-term investments;
• Current assets represented by various stocks, receivables, short-term investments, VAT on purchased inventory.

At the same time from the current assets, experts recommend to exclude the costs of the company to buy shares for the purpose of selling or withdrawing from the market, as well as the debts of the founders for payments to the authorized capital. In turn, the structure of liabilities should include:

• Long-term and short-term liabilities on corporate loans;
• Creditor debts;
• Reserves relating to future expenses;
• Debts to the founders on the transfer of income.

Also, the formula of net assets based on the structure of the structure in question implies the inclusion in the first and second indicators of any other information that can be somehow classified as the firm's resources or its liabilities. We noted above that various legal acts can be used as sources of methodology that can be applied to calculate the financial indicator in question. Thus, one of the main current NPAs regulating the calculation of net assets is the Order of the Ministry of Finance of August 28, 2014 No. 84n. Consider how to calculate net assets (the formula for determining them, in fact, is also presented in the said NAP) is proposed by the Ministry of Finance.

The definition of net assets by the method of the Ministry of Finance

The Chief Financial Officer recommends that the indicator in question be determined in the following way.

First, the enterprise needs to summarize all the assets and liabilities recorded. At the same time, data on off-balance sheet accounts, according to experts of the Ministry of Finance, should not be taken into account.

Secondly, the formula of net assets by the method of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation assumes the exclusion of assets such as debts of the founders (shareholders, owners) for payments to the authorized capital or shares (in this sense, the position of the Ministry of Finance coincides with the approach of experts that we considered above ), From liabilities - incomes of future periods that are related to state support, as well as gratuitous receipt of any property.

Another nuance of determining the value of net assets in accordance with the methodology in question is that both parameters of the formula for calculating them should be calculated on the basis of the cost, which is reflected in the balance sheet. At the same time, the formula for calculating net assets proposed by the Ministry of Finance in general is similar in concept to other approaches that are widely used among economists, which also involve the use of figures from the balance sheet. Let us now study how the indicator under consideration can be calculated in practice.

How are net assets calculated in practice?

The formula for calculating net assets, in principle, has a very simple structure. The main thing is to have access to the figures that are used in it. The main source of these, as we noted above, is the balance sheet of the organization. If you take the appropriate accounting document in the format in which it is approved in Russia, then information about the assets of the company is contained mainly in line 1600, about liabilities - in lines 1400 and 1500.

At the same time, if we follow the recommendations of the RF Ministry of Finance and subtract from the first debts of the founders for payments to the authorized capital, from the second - incomes of future periods, we will also need accounting data reflecting the value of the first indicator (usually a debit account 75), and Digits on line 1530 (for the second parameter).

Thus, the formula of net assets will be applied according to a certain algorithm. Let's study it in detail.

The formula of net assets: structure and scheme

1. First of all, we subtract from the figure on line 1600 an indicator reflecting the debts of the founders to the firm on contributions to the authorized capital.
2. After summarizing the indicators for lines 1400 and 1500 balance.
3. Next, subtract the resulting result from the figure on line 1530.
4. The final action will be subtraction from the figure obtained as a result of subtracting from 1600 the value of debts, the indicator obtained after the last calculation.

How can the formula of net assets look schematic? We agree to abbreviate the indicator under consideration as CA, the lines of the balance sheet - CTP, accounting accounts - MF.

As a result, the formula for calculating net assets by balance will look like this:

• NA = (MF 1600 - MF 75) - (MFR 1400 + MFR 1500 - MFR 1530).

Having studied how the corresponding financial indicator is calculated, we will consider how it can be applied in practice.

What is the practical value of the net assets indicator?

The value of net assets is one of the key indicators of the effectiveness of the company's business model. The main criterion here is the positive or negative value of the corresponding indicator. In the first case, it is legitimate to talk about the profitability of the company, and its high investment attractiveness. In turn, if the formula of net assets on the balance sheet showed a negative result - most likely, the firm has certain problems.

How correctly to interpret the value of net assets?

Much of the interpretation of the indicator in question depends on the specific stage of business development. For young companies, start-ups, negative values are not as critical as for businesses that are present on the market for a long time. For firms that are present in highly profitable segments, a negative indicator of net assets is also acceptable, but again, it is desirable that it is not observed for long.

Such indicator as net assets, it is useful to observe in dynamics, for several years. Or, using data from the current accounting, track it monthly or quarterly.

Net assets as a factor in business management

Certain value of the results of calculations of net assets have from the point of view of business management. For example, the calculation of the net assets of the LLC (the formula for the respective companies and JSCs will be the same) can be useful:

• In those cases when the authorized capital is increased through the property of LLC;
• When the company redeems from shareholders securities, when one of the participants of the LLC leaves the business;
• When dividends are paid to the co-founders of the company;
• When forming reports to investors;
• When analyzing the effectiveness of the business model of society at the request of the owner;
• As an additional source of data on the financial condition of the firm when considering loan applications by the bank or in the course of interaction with potential investors.

Thus, the calculation of the indicator in question is useful both from the point of view of the organization's reporting to stakeholders and in the aspect of executing the analytical work of managers aimed at optimizing business processes.

Having considered the question of how to calculate net assets by balance (the formula used for this was also studied by us), it will be useful to pay attention to a number of terminological nuances related to the practical use of the relevant indicator as a characteristic of the financial position of the enterprise.

Net assets or net worth?

For example, some experts believe that the term in question should be identified with the concept of equity. There is another point of view on this thesis. Regarding the regulatory regulation of economic processes - in the relevant Russian NAP, the two concepts are generally considered to be very similar or identical.

For example, Federal Law No. 226 of July 18, 2011 specifies that for banking organizations, not pure assets should be calculated, but precisely their own funds in the order that is fixed in the NLA issued by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Another noteworthy source of law is Bank of Russia Letter No. 350, issued on October 28, 1996. It states that net assets are an indicator that corresponds to the notion of the bank's own capital.

Thus, with regard to credit and financial institutions, the concepts under consideration should be regarded as identical in them. Therefore, according to some researchers, approved in the same Order of the Ministry of Finance No. 84n and used to calculate such an indicator as the net assets of LLCs, the formula, in principle, can also be used to determine the size of the company's equity. Which, in turn, is also an important indicator of business performance.

There is a term very similar in sound to the subject, "net current assets".

What is net current assets

Net real assets are the sum of the firm's equity (that is, one of the interpretations - the same net assets), as well as long-term liabilities reduced by the amount of non-current assets. Some experts define the indicator as the difference between the total amount of the firm's assets that are classified as negotiable and the sum of all those liabilities of the company that are short-term.

What are the net current assets

Net current assets - the indicator that is most often used to assess the financial and economic sustainability of the firm in terms of its resources to pay off current debts, as well as investing in expansion of production. The term in question has another common name - net working capital.

Thus, investor, considering the prospects of investing in a particular firm (for example, in LLC), can pay attention also to net current assets. The formula for calculating these can be supplemented by those that are used to determine the amount of equity. The more both indicators - the more attractive for investment can be the firm.