The end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Rus: history, date and interesting facts. How did Russia live under the Mongol-Tatar yoke

Russia under the Mongol-Tatar yoke was extremely humiliating. It was completely subordinated both politically and economically. Therefore, the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia, the date of standing on the river Ugra - 1480, is perceived as the most important event in our history. Although Russia became politically independent, but the payment of tribute in a smaller amount continued until the Peter's times. The complete end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke is the year 1700, when Peter the Great canceled payments to the Crimean khans.

The Mongolian army

In the XII century, the Mongolian nomads united under the power of the cruel and cunning ruler Temuchin. All the obstacles to unlimited power he ruthlessly suppressed and created a unique army that triumphed over the victory. He, creating a great empire, was called his noble Genghis Khan. Having conquered East Asia, Mongolian troops reached the Caucasus and the Crimea. They destroyed Alans and Polovtsians. The remnants of the Polovtsians turned to Russia for help.

The first meeting

20 or 30 thousand were warriors in the Mongol army, not exactly established. They were led by Jebe and Subedey. They stopped at the Dnieper. And at this time the Polovtsian Khan Khotyan persuaded the Galich prince Mstislav Udalogo to oppose the invasion of the terrible cavalry. He was joined by Mstislav of Kiev and Mstislav of Chernigov. According to various sources, the total Russian army numbered from 10 to 100 thousand people. The Military Council took place on the banks of the Kalki River. A single plan was not worked out. Mstislav Udaloi made one. He was supported only by the remnants of the Polovtsians, but during the battle they fled. Those who did not support the Galician princes still had to fight the Mongols who had attacked their fortified camp. Three days the battle lasted. Only by cunning and a promise to take no one captive the Mongols entered the camp. But they did not keep their words. The Russian voivod and prince Mongols were tied up alive and covered with boards and sat down on them and began to feast on victory, enjoying the moaning of the dying. So the Kiev prince and his entourage died in agony. It was 1223 year. The Mongols, without going into details, withdrew back to Asia. In thirteen years they will return. And all these years in Russia there was a fierce bickering between the princes. It completely undermined the forces of the South-Western principalities.

Invasion

Grandson of Genghis Khan Baty with a huge half-million army, having conquered Volga Bulgaria in the east and Polovtsian lands in the south, approached the Russian princedoms in December 1237. His tactic was not to give a big battle, but to attack individual detachments, breaking them all one by one. Approaching the southern borders of the Ryazan principality, the Tatars ultimately demanded a tribute from him: a tenth of horses, people and princes. In Ryazan, barely recruited three thousand soldiers. They sent for help to Vladimir, but the help did not come. After six days of siege Ryazan was taken. The inhabitants were destroyed, the city was destroyed. It was the beginning. The end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke will take place in two hundred and forty hard years. The next was Kolomna. There the Russian army was almost all killed. Moscow lies in the ashes. But before that someone who dreamed of returning to their native places, buried on the Borovitsky hill a treasure of silver jewelry. He was found by accident, when construction was conducted in the Kremlin in the 90s of the XX century. The next was Vladimir. The Mongols did not spare either women or children and destroyed the city. Then Torzhok fell. But spring came, and, fearing the mudslides, the Mongols moved to the south. Northern marsh Russia did not interest them. But on the way was the defending tiny Kozelsk. Almost two months the city fiercely resisted. But the Mongols came reinforcements with stenobitnymi machines, and the city was taken. All the defenders were cut out and left the town of stone on the stone. So, the entire Northeast Russia by 1238 lay in ruins. And who can have doubts about whether there was a Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia? From the brief description it follows that there were wonderful neighborly relations, was not it?

South-Western Russia

She came in 1239. Pereyaslavl, the Chernigov principality, Kiev, Vladimir-Volynsky, Galich - everything has been crushed, not to mention smaller towns and villages and villages. And how far the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke is! How much horror and destruction brought him the beginning. The Mongols left for Dalmatia and Croatia. Western Europe trembled. However, news from distant Mongolia forced the invaders to turn back. And they did not have enough strength for a repeated campaign. Europe was saved. But our Motherland, lying in ruins, bleeding, did not know when the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke would come.

Rus under the yoke

Who was most affected by the invasion of the Mongols? The peasants? Yes, the Mongols did not spare them. But they could hide in the woods. Townspeople? Of course. In Russia there were 74 cities, and 49 of them were destroyed by Batu, and 14 never recovered. Craftsmen were turned into slaves and exported. The succession of skills in crafts has ceased, and the craft has fallen into decay. We could not pour glassware, cook glass for making windows, there were no many-colored ceramics and ornaments with cloisonne enamel. Masons and carvers have disappeared, and for 50 years the construction of stone has stopped. But the hardest of all was those who with weapons in their hands repelled the attack - feudal lords and combatants. Of the 12 Ryazan princes, three remained alive, of which 3 from Rostov - one, out of 9 from Suzdal - 4. And no one counted losses in the squads. And there were not less of them. Professionals in military service were replaced by other people who are used to being pushed around. So the princes began to possess all the full power. This process subsequently, when the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke has come, will deepen and lead to the unlimited power of the monarch.

Russian princes and the Golden Horde

After 1242, Rus fell under the full political and economic oppression of the Horde. In order for the prince to inherit his throne by law, he had to go with presents to the "free king", as our princes of khans called, to the capital of the Horde. It was there for quite some time. Khan slowly examined the lowest requests. The entire procedure turned into a chain of humiliations, and after much reflection, sometimes months, the Khan gave a "shortcut", that is, permission to reign. So, one of our princes, when he came to Batu, was called a servant to keep his possessions. Necessarily stipulated a tribute, which will pay the principality. At any moment, the khan could summon the prince to the Horde and even execute him in displeasure. The Horde led a special policy with the princes, diligently inflating their strife. The disunity of the princes and their principalities was in the hands of the Mongols. The Horde itself gradually became a colossus on clay feet. In it, the centrifugal sentiments themselves intensified. But it will be much later. And at first her unity is strong. After the death of Alexander Nevsky his sons fiercely hate each other and fiercely fight for the Vladimir throne. Conditionally the reign in Vladimir gave the prince seniority over all the rest. In addition, a decent allotment of land was joined with those who bring money to the treasury. And for the great reign of Vladimir in the Horde, the struggle between the princes flared up, it happened that even to death. That's how Russia lived under the Mongol-Tatar yoke. The troops of the Horde in it practically did not stand. But with insubordination, punitive troops could always come and begin to cut and burn everything.

Rise of Moscow

Bloody feuds of Russian princes among themselves led to the fact that the period from 1275 to 1300, Russia came to Mongolia 15 times. Of the strife, many principalities emerged weakened, of which people fled to more peaceful places. Such a small principality turned out to be a small Moscow one. It fell into the lot of the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky Daniel. He reigned at the age of 15 and led a cautious policy, trying not to quarrel with his neighbors, for he was too weak. And the Horde did not pay close attention to him. Thus, there was given an impetus to the development of trade and enrichment in this lot. Immigrants from unsettled places poured into it. Daniel eventually succeeded in joining Kolomna and Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, increasing his principality. His sons continued his father's relatively quiet policy after his death. Only the Tver princes saw in them potential rivals and tried, while fighting for the Grand Duke in Vladimir, to spoil Moscow's relations with the Horde. This hatred reached the point that when the Moscow prince and the prince of Tver were simultaneously summoned to the Horde, Dmitry Tverskoy stabbed Yuri Moskovsky. For this arbitrariness he was executed by the Horde.

Ivan Kalita and "great silence"

The fourth son of Prince Daniel, it seemed, had no chance of the Moscow throne. But his elder brothers died, and he began to reign in Moscow. By the will of fate he also became the Grand Duke of Vladimir. With him and his sons, Mongolian raids on Russian lands ceased. Moscow was rich and people in it. The cities grew and their population increased. In the Northeast Russia a whole generation grew up, which stopped trembling when it was mentioned about the Mongols. This brought the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke closer to Russia.

Dmitry Donskoy

Moscow to the birth of Prince Dmitry Ivanovich in 1350 is already turning into the center of political, cultural and religious life of the northeast. Ivan Kalita's grandson lived a short, 39 years, but a bright life. He spent it in battles, but now it's important to stop at the great battle with Mamai, which took place in 1380 on the Nepryadva river. By this time, Prince Dmitry defeated the punitive Mongolian detachment between Ryazan and Kolomna. Mamai began to prepare a new campaign for Russia. Dmitry, learning about this, in turn, began to gather strength to fight back. Not all princes responded to his call. The prince had to seek help from Sergius of Radonezh to collect the people's militia. And having received the blessing of the holy elder and two monks, he gathered the militia at the end of the summer and moved towards the great army Mamai. On September 8 at dawn a great battle took place. Dmitry fought in the forefront, was wounded, he was found with difficulty. But the Mongols were defeated and fled. Dmitry returned with a victory. But the time has not yet come when the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia will come. History says that under the yoke will be another hundred years.

Strengthening of Russia

Moscow became the center of the unification of Russian lands, but far from all princes agreed to accept this fact. Dmitri's son, Basil I, reigned for a long time, 36 years, and relatively calm. He defended the Russian lands from the encroachments of the Lithuanians, annexed the Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod principality. The Horde weakened, and with it less and less were considered. Basil for his life only twice visited the Horde. But there was no unity within Russia either. Insurrections broke out without end. Even at the wedding of Prince Vasily II, a scandal broke out. One of the guests was wearing a gold belt of Dmitry Donskoy. When the bride learned about this, she publicly tore it off, insulting him. But the belt was not just a jewel. He was a symbol of the grand prince's power. During the reign of Basil II (1425-1453) there were feudal wars. The Moscow prince was captured, blinded, wounded while the whole face and the rest of his life he wore a face bandage and received the nickname "Dark." However, this strong-willed prince was released, and his co-regent was a young Ivan who, after the death of his father, will become the liberator of the country and will receive the nickname Great.

End of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia

In 1462, the legitimate ruler Ivan III joined the throne of Moscow, who will become a reformer and reformer. He cautiously and circumspectly united the Russian lands. He annexed Tver, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Perm and even obstinate Novgorod recognized him as sovereign. He made the coat of arms of the two-headed Byzantine eagle, he began to build the Kremlin. This is how we know him. Since 1476, Ivan III stopped paying tribute to the Horde. A beautiful but untruthful legend tells how it happened. Having accepted the Ordynsky embassy, the Grand Duke trampled on basma and sent a warning to the Horde that the same would happen to them if their country was not left alone. The enraged Khan Ahmed, having gathered a large army, moved to Moscow, wanting to punish her for disobedience. Approximately in 150 km from Moscow at the river Ugra on the Kaluga lands in the autumn two forces opposite became opposite. Russian was headed by Vasily's son, Ivan Molodoy. Ivan III returned to Moscow and began to supply for the army - food, forage. So the troops stood opposite each other, until the early winter with the fodder came and buried all Ahmed's plans. The Mongols turned and went to the Horde, acknowledging defeat. Thus the ending of the Mongol-Tatar yoke was bloodless. His date - 1480 - is a great event in our history.

The value of the fall of yoke

For a long time suspended the political, economic and cultural development of Russia, the yoke pushed the country into the backyard of European history. When the Renaissance began and blossomed in Western Europe in all areas, when the national self-consciousness of the peoples developed, when the countries grew rich and flourished in trade, they sent the ship fleet in search of new lands, there was darkness in Russia. Columbus already in 1492 discovered America. For Europeans, the Earth grew rapidly. For us, the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Rus marked the possibility of getting out of the narrow medieval framework, changing laws, reforming the army, building cities and exploring new lands. And briefly, then Russia gained independence and became known as Russia.