Significant parts of speech - this is what?

Since ancient times, the minds of scientists have taken up the question of parts of speech. Studies devoted to them, were engaged in Plato, Aristotle, Panini, Jaska. As for Russian linguistics, it is necessary to note the names of VV Vinogradov, L. V. Shcherba, A. A. Shakhmatov, and others.

The complexity of distinguishing parts of speech

Parts of speech are the most necessary and common categories in the grammar of any language. With the clarification of the question of them begins its grammatical description. Speaking of parts of speech, they mean the grammatical grouping of certain units of language. In other words, in the vocabulary are allocated certain categories or groups, characterized by some characteristics. However, on what basis should we distinguish parts of speech? What is the basis for the distribution of words for them? Let's answer this question together.

The problem of the essence of parts of speech, as well as the principles of their separation in different languages, is one of the most in linguistics. Diverse and numerous statements on the issue of interest to us. Very often they contradict each other and are not clear. Some believe that separate parts are allocated on the basis of one leading characteristic, which is inherent in words related to a particular grouping. Others believe that the basis for the allocation of parts of speech is a set of different characteristics, while none of them is the leading one. If we consider the first opinion to be correct, then what will be the main feature in this case? A logical category in a lexical meaning? Or is it? Or is the relationship of lexical meaning to the grammatical category? Its syntactic function or morphological nature? And different parts of speech should be allocated on different or on the same basis?

Agree, there are a lot of questions. Our knowledge of the grammatical nature of words is still not deep enough for their grammatical classification to be built on a scientific basis. The gradual and later fixed in the tradition distribution of parts of speech of different words - this is not a classification. This division is simply a statement that there are different groupings of words that are united by certain features common to them. The latter are more or less significant, but not always clear.

Separation of parts of speech in Russian

In modern Russian there is a large number of variant morphological forms. Particular complexity is the word formation of the significant changes in the parts of speech. Some of their forms were recognized normative and fixed in the literary language, while others are considered grammatical errors. This determines the need for in-depth study of such a topic as word formation of the significant changes in the parts of speech. In school, they are usually given special attention.

Parts of speech are studied in a section of grammar such as morphology. In it, words are viewed from the point of view of their meaning and change. They can vary in numbers, births, persons, cases, etc. A noun, for example, means an object. It can vary by case and number. The adjective does not mean an object, but its sign. It varies according to numbers, genera and cases. However, in the Russian language there are words that do not change in any way. These, for example, are alliances, prepositions and adverbs.

Service and independent parts of speech

So, groups of words that are united on the basis of the commonality of attributes are called parts of speech. In this case, the signs for different groups of words are not homogeneous. It is necessary to distinguish the significant and non-significant parts of speech. The latter are also called official. Significant parts of speech are independent. Both perform different tasks. Independent words in the sentence, naming objects, actions, signs, are members of the sentence, while officials often associate independent words. Let's consider the latter in more detail.

Pronominal and significant words

Independent parts of speech can be pronominal or significant. Significant words denote signs, objects, actions, quantity, relationships, naming them. Pronominal only point to them, but they do not. In the sentence, they serve as substitutes for the significant. The pronominal words form a separate part of the speech, called a pronoun. The remarkable are divided into different parts of speech on the basis of the following signs:

- morphological;

- the generalized value;

- syntactic behavior (functions and links in the text).

At least 5 groups are allocated, considering the significant parts of speech. These are three names (an adjective, a noun, a numeral), and also a verb and an adverb. Sometimes the forms of the verb (gerunds and participles) are singled out separately. As you can see, parts of speech are lexico-grammatical classes of words. That is, they stand out taking into account syntactic behavior, morphological features and generalized meaning.

Noun

Let's begin to describe parts of the speech of the Russian language (significant) from the noun. It includes words that:

1) are nominal or intrinsic, inanimate or animate, have a permanent generic attribute, as well as non-permanent (for the main part of nouns) signs of case and number;

2) have the meaning of objectivity, so they answer the question "what?" or who?";

3) most often in the proposal are additions or subjects, but can also be other members of it.

Note that when highlighting nouns, the main are the grammatical features of words, and not, for example, their meaning. The main features of the significant parts of speech can be different. In this you will soon see. As for the meaning of a noun, it is the only part of speech, the meaning of which can be very different. Let's look at examples: a person (girl), an object (pen), an animal (dog), an abstract concept (pride), a sign (height), an attitude (inequality), an action (study). These words from the point of view of value are united by the fact that in relation to them we can ask one question: "What?" or who?" In this, in fact, is their objectivity.

Let us pass to the next part of the speech - the name of the adjective.

Adjective

This is an independent part of the speech, significant. It combines words that:

1) Changed by case, number and gender, and some by degrees of comparison and by brevity / completeness.

2) Indicate some non-process characteristic of the subject, and therefore answer the questions "whose?" Or "what?"

3) Propose in the proposal the nominal part of the ICU (compound nominal predicate) or definitions.

Adjectives always depend on nouns. Therefore, questions to them should be asked from the latter. Adjectives are needed in order to select from the set of identical objects the right one. Without them, our speech would be like a picture painted in gray. Thanks to the adjectives, it becomes imaginative and more precise, as they allow us to distinguish different features of one object.

Numeral

This is another significant part of the speech, independent. It includes words that denote numbers, the order of objects in the account, or their number. Numerical answers the following questions: "what?" Or "how much?" It is part of the speech that unites words on the basis of a common meaning. And the value of the numerals is the ratio to the number. Note that their grammatical features are not uniform. They depend on the rank of the value of a numeral.

These words play a big role in our life. We measure by numbers time, distance, number of objects and their value, cost, weight. Numbers on a letter are often replaced by numbers. However, in documents, for example, it is necessary that the amount is indicated not only in numbers, but also in words.

Adverb

We continue to disclose the question: "What parts of speech are significant?" An adverb signifies a sign of a state, a sign, an action, rarely an object. Note that it is immutable. The exception to this rule is only qualitative adverbs ending in -o / -e. All of them adjoin either to the adjective, or to the verb, or to another dialect, that is, characterize the significant parts of speech. Examples: very fast, fast to run, very fast. The adverb in the sentence is usually a circumstance. Sometimes it can also be attached to a noun. Examples are the following: running race, coffee in Warsaw, an egg soft-boiled. Adverb in these cases acts as an inconsistent definition. For two reasons, adverbs are classified according to their meaning and function.

Verb

We pass to the verb, considering the significant parts of speech. This word denoting a state (rejoice), an action (write), a property (limp), a sign (whiten), an attitude (equal). Grammatical characters are not homogeneous in different groups of verbal forms. Such a concept as a "verbal word" unites: conjugated forms (impersonal and personal), unbendable (participial and participial), and infinitive (indefinite form). Verbs are very important for speech. They allow us to name different actions.

Participle

As a morphological phenomenon of participle, they are treated ambiguously in linguistics. Sometimes significant words are considered as separate parts of speech, which are participles, and sometimes - as a form of the verb. They denote the sign of some object by action. Communion combines the properties of the verb and the adjective. It is used in written speech more often than in oral speech.

Deerpriests

We will also tell a little about gerunds, revealing the theme "Significant parts of speech". These are words that, like communion, can be considered either as a special form of the verb, or as an independent part of speech. The signs of the participle are as follows:

1) The designation of an additional action, therefore the sacrament answers the following questions: "What did you do?" Or "what are you doing?"

2) The presence of grammatical features of both adverbs and verbs.

So, we considered the significant parts of speech. This is an adverb, a verb, a numeral, a noun and an adjective. Sometimes there is also a separate gospel and participle. Now you will not be mistaken in answering the question: "What parts of speech are significant?" However, we suggest that you go further and complete the acquaintance with the independent parts of speech by considering the pronoun.

Pronoun

A pronoun is an independent part of speech, indicating signs, objects or quantities, but not calling them. Their grammatical features are different . They depend on which part of the speech is replaced in the pronoun text. They can be classified by grammatical features and by value. Pronouns in speech are used instead of adjectives, nouns, adverbs and numerals. They help to combine in the coherent text of the sentence, avoid the repetition of identical words.

So, we considered independent parts of speech (pronominal and significant), and we briefly described the service parts of speech . We suggest that you learn more about the latter yourself, as they also play an important role in the language. We hope you have learned to distinguish the significant and official parts of speech.