Scientific style of speech: examples of texts. Speech styles: artistic, scientific, spoken

In their speech, people use a variety of styles of speech, depending on what society they have to communicate with. That's why you need to use different styles in a speech.

What are speech styles?

Speech styles are a system of language methods and means of organization that have historically been developed and are used in any particular sphere of human communication, its social life: the sphere of verbal and artistic creativity, science, business relations, agitational-mass activity, everyday communication. In this regard, the Russian language distinguishes the following styles of speech: artistic, scientific, colloquial, journalistic and official-business. In this case, all styles, except conversational, are considered bookish.

In this article, we will consider all the styles of speech, with special attention paid to the scientific style used in scientific works, teaching aids, and speeches at conferences. The scientific style requires more stringent rules of use than others, since it requires the use of terminology that is applicable in a narrow field of knowledge. That is why it's worth paying special attention to the scientific style of speech. Examples of texts will help you to understand it in more detail.

Features of speech styles

The appearance of a variety of styles of speech is justified by the diversity of the content of speech, as well as its goals of communication, that is, communicative orientation. It is the goals of communication that usually dictate their own rules for choosing a style in a given situation.

Each of the functional styles of speech has its own typical features, has its own lexical circle, and also its syntactic structure, which must be realized to a certain extent in each of the genres. Thus, each of the styles has a number of its features. Demonstrate will help all the speech styles examples and a brief description of their features.

Business style can be determined by professional terminology, precise definitions of words and expressions used, also due to the cliché of linguistic means. For example: I, Mironova Alevtina Vladlenovna, ask me to give me another vacation.

The main feature of the journalistic style is its expressiveness and informativeness. For example: Incredible discovery! Taras from a small village Matroskino invented a drug that makes chickens carry silver eggs!

The artistic style is the richest in the diversity of the entire national language, in this style the use of various descriptions and turns is encouraged to create a vivid and memorable image. This style enriches our speech and helps to understand more deeply about what is written in the artwork, to feel and experience everything. For example: Sitting on the porch of her house, she noticed someone approaching the yard. She understood that this is the return of her lover, whom she has been waiting for several years.

Conversational style differs from all others by its ease and unpreparedness. For example: Hello! Imagine, yesterday I went to a party and met Pashka there. The one I've been telling you about all month!

The use of colloquial and colloquial words, lexical heterogeneity, simplified syntax, the use of facial expressions, gestures, emotional evaluation of what is happening - all these features indicate a conversational style of speech.

Scientific style of speech: basic features

Scientific style is designed to communicate and explain the results of scientific works. Despite the fact that there are many spheres of science, it is possible to distinguish some basic features that are applicable to the scientific style as a whole:

• Logical sequence of the text;
• An ordered system of connections between all parts of the utterances;
• The author's striving for uniqueness, accuracy and conciseness in the expressions.

If you have an idea of all the basic features, it will not be difficult to write a text or define the scientific style of speech. Examples of texts in this style will help you better understand everything:

"Since 2009, NCC has been processing Visa, Union Card and MasterCard cards, as well as issuing combined Maestro / NCC cards, and in 2008 the companies were awarded the title of International Payment System, which significantly expanded the range of its services."

"To provide a report 4 FSS on the NRT should the head of the enterprise or chief accountant. If the deadline for submitting a report to the enterprise is not met, in the person of its director, a fine will be imposed in the amount established by law. "

Underpinned the scientific style of speech

As is known, in the speech very rarely there are styles in their pure form. In most cases, they are combined, which is the reason for the formation of the subgrade. To the underpinnings of the scientific style can be attributed:

• Scientific and business;
• Scientific and journalistic;
• Popular scientific;
• Scientific and technical;
• Educational and scientific style of speech.

Features of the text of scientific style at the level of vocabulary

All the main distinctive features that are inherent in the scientific style of speech can be divided into three main groups: at the level of vocabulary, syntax and at the morphological level.

At the level of vocabulary, the scientific style has the following characteristics:

• Saturation with the terminology of a particular science;
• The use of direct meanings of words, without different metaphors and interjections;
• The use of word combinations and words with an abstract meaning: number, property, law; And the use of verbal nouns: use, processing, learning;
• Quite a particular application of words and phrases that indicate the sequence and connection of thoughts: hence, on the contrary, therefore, first, first of all, first.

All these lexical features will help determine the scientific style of speech. Examples of texts for visual representation of scientific style are presented below:

"Gastritis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach wall. Symptoms of gastritis are: stomach pain after eating or fasting, nausea, diarrhea, constipation or vomiting, etc. Based on the endoscopic examination of the stomach, a diagnosis is made. "

"The most important economic and biological criteria for varieties are: durability, resistance to all conditions of growth (climate, pests and diseases, soil), duration of storage and transportability."

Morphological features of the text of scientific style

At the morphological level, the following features should be distinguished, which are inherent in the scientific style of speech:

• The use of gerunds, participles, and their turns;
• A rare use of the pronouns "I" and "we" in works and verbs in the first and second forms of the singular;
• The use of impersonal and indefinite-personal constructions in the text.

Features of scientific text at the syntactic level

Also on the syntactic level, the scientific style of speech has its own peculiarities, the sentences of this style have the following characteristics:

• Frequent use of references and citations;
• Refusal to use exclamation suggestions or their very rare use;
• Use of graphs, schemes, various formulas;
• The use of complex sentences with the use of unions to link phenomena in parts of the sentence.

Examples of scientific style texts

Will help to identify the distinctive features and correctly determine the scientific style of speech examples of texts:

"The problem of theft requires timely adequate actions on the part of the business entity, namely - the use of additional tools to eliminate the potential risk from the attacker."

"Based on the results of experiments, the data of which are presented in the Appendix [2] and are shown in Fig. 3, we can conclude that the change in the demand curve in the short run is affected by the price level. "

Genres of scientific style

All scientific texts should be written in the form of finished works, and their structure must be subordinated to all laws of the genre.

All genres can be divided into primary and secondary, depending on who exactly is the author of the text. Textbooks are also singled out as a separate group.

The primary genres include reference books, journal articles, monographs, textbooks, reviews, reports, dissertations, scientific reports, oral presentations at conferences, and others. These genres can be considered primary because they were created by the author for the first time.

Secondary texts can be considered as abstracts, abstracts, abstracts, various abstracts, annotations. These works are secondary, because they are compiled on the basis of existing texts. When preparing such texts, information is often reduced to reduce the volume of the entire text.

Lectures, seminar papers, coursework, abstracts should be included in the genres of the educational and scientific sub-style. Regardless of the genre, all the main features that are inherent in the scientific style in general, must be met.

How the scientific style arose

The origin of the scientific style is determined by the development of areas of science, different spheres of human knowledge. Initially, the style of speech, scientific and artistic, were very close and similar. Later, there was a separation of the scientific from the artistic style, since various scientific terminology began to appear in the Greek language.

Increasing popularity of scientific style was in the Renaissance. It was at that time that all the scientists tried to present their works as accurately as possible, but in a condensed form, tried to remove emotional and artistic descriptions from the text, because they contradicted the abstract-logical reflection of nature.

However, at that time there were conflicts about the presentation of scientific material by various scientists. It is known that Kepler considered the work of Galileo to be excessively artistic, and Descartes considered the style of presentation of Galileo's scientific works to be "fictionalized". The first example of a scientific language in the future is considered to be Newton's account.

The development of the scientific style influenced the Russian language. The scientific style of speech in Russia began its development in the beginning of the XVIII century. During this period, translators and authors of scientific publications began to create their own terminology. Continuation of the development of this style occurred in the second half of the XVIII century due to the work of Lomonosov and his students. The final formation of the scientific style of Russia occurred in the second half of the XIX century due to the scientific works of the great scientists of that time.

In this paper, all styles of speech were considered. The examples clearly illustrate the differences between them, and a detailed description of the scientific style will help you to easily use it in your speech.