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Salinity of the White Sea. Geographical position, characteristics of the White Sea

The White Sea, which in various centuries was called Studen, Northern, Solovetsky and Spokoiny, refers to the Arctic Ocean waters of the European part of Russia. In ancient times, the Vikings were called by his Gandwick, which in translation meant "Bay of Serpents".

History of the discovery

The sea basin was known for 11th century maps. At the time, for Novgorodians, it was of great importance from the point of view of navigation of trade routes. The fact is that in the surrounding forests there were many fur-bearing animals. Soon, hunters' villages began to appear on the coast, which immediately sold the skin and meat of the extraction to merchants who had come from far away. In the early 1490s, by order of Tsar Ivan III, a whole merchant fleet and an international port were built. Most of the ships went to the coast of Denmark and back.

Soon, the British and Dutch ships began to cruise the White Sea. These were both merchant ships and expeditionary ships. One of them was the ship "Eduard Bonaventura" under the patronage of the British King Edward VI. In the middle of the 1550s, close trade relations were established between Moscow and London. A few years later the White Sea became one of the main market centers of Russia. The Dutch, the British and the Danes regularly made long voyages to the shores of a new settlement called Holmogory. Later, this city was renamed to Arkhangelsk. While foreign merchants bribed cheap furs, scientists and researchers are interested in the extremely low salinity of the White Sea. Nevertheless, frequent expeditions for most of the year complicated a strong ice drift.

Description of the water area

The average depth of the White Sea varies from 50 to 200 meters. Shallow water is recorded in the Onega and Dvina bays in the northern part of the basin. The deepest point is 340 meters. It is noteworthy that the White Sea has the smallest area among the basins that wash Russia. The territory it covers is limited to only 90 thousand square kilometers. At the same time in the water area there are many medium-sized islands, for example, the Solovetsky.

The largest rivers flowing into the White Sea are represented by Mezen, Ponoy, Kemya, Onegoi and the Northern Dvina. The boundary of the water area is the line dividing the peninsulas Kanin and Kola. The main ports are Belomorsk, Arkhangelsk, Kem, Onega, Kandalaksha, Mezen and Severodvinsk. The snake bay belongs to the territorial waters of Russia. The pool is represented by the Gorlo Strait, Onega and Dvinskaya Bay, Kandalaksha Bay.

Each part of the coast has its name: Tersky, Karelian, Summer, Caninsky, Winter, Abramovsky, Lyamitsky, Konushinsky and other regions.

Temperature and salinity of the pool

Water in the White Sea is always cold, so it is not recommended to swim without special training and equipment. The surface temperature varies from -1 to +14 degrees.

The white sea in winter is mostly covered with a thick layer of ice. The rise in water temperature is observed only from May to August. In the summer, the indicators in the central part of the basin rise to +16 degrees. At a depth of 50 meters, the temperature is kept in the vicinity of zero. Salinity of the White Sea is associated with a specific hydrological regime. Due to the large inflow of river and groundwater and the minimum level of exchange with the water area of the Barents Bay, the desalination rates of the basin are significantly exceeded. Thus, the salinity of the White Sea is about 26 ppm. In some places, this figure does not exceed the level of 18 ppm. At a depth of 100 meters the salinity of the White Sea reaches a point of 31 ppm. The reason for the stagnation and desalination of water by experts is also called the ring-shaped flow of the basin.

Hydrological and climatic indicators

The tides of the White Sea are directly affected by the rising water level in the Barents Basin, which has a semi-diurnal character. The most noticeable inflow is at the mouth of the Semzha River and the Mezenskaya Guba. There, the water level rises to 7 meters. The average tide in the water area of the White Sea varies from 0.6 to 3 m.

On the territory of the basin, frequent storms are noted. In the autumn period, the wave height can reach 6 meters. At different times of the year, there are eastern and south-western winds above the sea, but more often than not, the northern winds are strong. The value of the overtaking phenomena in the autumn reaches a value of 1 meter. For most of the year the sea is covered with ice. Melting occurs from May to June, and only at the end of July and in August the temperature of the water allows you to quickly swim or quietly ride on a boat. Nevertheless, even in the summer in the northern part of the water area there are floating ice up to 40 cm thick.

Pool resources

The White Sea is rich in fish products and algae. Recently, the production of amphibian mammals has been established. There are a lot of herrings, navaga, whitefish, salmon, flounder, smelt and cod. From the mammal licensed hunting for seals, seals and beluga whales is permitted. In the northern part of the basin, locals shoot gulls and gulls. Of the expensive algae can be identified fucus and kelp. Also here live bivalve mollusks.

What from the industrial point of view attracts the White Sea? The resources are primarily represented by minerals such as sand, gravel, shell rock and pebbles. More recently, geologists have discovered valuable ferromanganese concretions on the seabed.

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