Provision for doubtful debts: posting. Provision for bad debts

Assets and liabilities of the organization should be adjusted taking into account the estimated values. In the accounts receivable, this is the reserve of doubtful debts - in the balance sheet, the amount of DZ is shown after deducting the accumulated savings. This avoids overstating assets. Since 2011, the formation of a provision for doubtful debts is the responsibility of the organization (according to paragraph 70 of the Russian Accounting Standards No. 34n). Although in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation this operation is registered as the right of companies. But if you consider that this amount should be included in tax expenses, then many enterprises have the right to create reserves. How to do it correctly, what postings should be generated and how this operation is displayed in Accounting 1C, you will learn from this article.

Reserves in the BU

"Accounting" and "tax" accumulated amounts for doubtful and bad debts are very different, therefore it is necessary to form them separately for different purposes.In the BU, the procedure of calculation is established by the enterprise independently.In the PBU of the Russian Federation it is indicated that the amount of funds should be calculated by one of the following methods:

- separately for each debt, the enterprise determines the amount of DZ that will not be returned and includes it in the reserve;

- on the basis of information from previous periods: the specific weight of the unpaid amount for the several previous years is calculated;

- for each amount is proportional to the period of delay. A similar method is used in NUs.

Doubtful are not:

• DZ for the obligations of suppliers who received prepayment, as well as for undelivered goods within the terms specified in the contract.
• Debt on penalties for failure to comply with the terms of the contract.
• Debt under loan agreements and assignment of right of claim.

Confirm selection

The chosen option must be approved in the accounting policy of the enterprise. If management has decided to use the method of peer review, then it is necessary to clearly define the criteria for classifying debts as reserves. In the proportional method, you need to set the percentage values. When choosing the option of forming a reserve, it is important to consider the purpose of its creation. The higher this amount is, the higher the net assets. For "beautiful" reporting, it should be minimal. And the legislative requirements will be met, and investors will not suffer. In the BU, the creation of a provision for bad debts is reflected in the acc. 63, analytical data are prescribed separately for each debtor. The deductions to the reserve are displayed in "Other expenses" (p. 91-2).

Example of the formation of a reserve in the BU

LLC "X" shipped LLC "U" goods for 120 thousand rubles. (VAT 18, 24 t rub.) 12/08/2013. The period of the delay of 10 calendar days was violated. Accounting policy LLC "X" provides for the transfer of amounts to the bad in full. Management has decided to include 100% of the debt in the provision for bad debts. Postings in this case will look like this:

date	DT	KR	Amount, thousand rubles.	Operation
31.08.13	91-2	63 / LLC "U"	120	Reserve created

Adjustment. 15.10.13 the buyer decided to pay a part of the debt in the amount of 50 thousand rubles. This operation should be reflected in the BU on acc. 63 "Provision for doubtful debts". Postings:

date	DT	KR	Amount, thousand rubles.	Operation
31.10.13	63 / LLC "U"	91-1	50	Reduction of the amount of the provision

At the end of the year, the DZ in the balance sheet should be reduced by the amount of doubtful debts: 120 - 50 = 70 t rubles.

2. Suppose, in June 2014, LLC "U" was liquidated. Since earlier the amount of their debt was included in the fund, then it will be written off from the same account 63 "Provision for doubtful debts". Postings:

date	DT	KR	Amount, thousand rubles.	Operation
31.06.14	63 / LLC "U"	62	70	A hopeless DZ is written off

3. According to PBU RF No. 34, if until the end of the period following the creation of the reserve, its value has not been fully spent, then the balance must be included in the financial results of the current period. In the framework of this example, if the balance is not written off before 31.12.14, then it should be attributed to other expenses (item 91-1). But according to the same provision, at the end of the year a reserve for doubtful debts should be created again. Wires are similar to those discussed above. Due to the ambiguity of the requirements, experts recommend not to write off the debt completely, but adjust it in one direction or another.

Creation of a reserve for doubtful debts in NU

This procedure for settlements is clearly prescribed in Article 266 of the Tax Code. It states that a taxpayer can create / conduct deductions for any debt. Exception - interest on loans. In the same article it is said that it is possible to create a reserve for doubtful debts only based on the results of the inventory of DZ at the end of the reporting period. This operation should be carried out no earlier than the obligation to pay taxes. In the accounting policy it is necessary to reflect the fact of creation or refusal of formation of a reserve. It must be done before the beginning of the year. You can not make any changes in the current period.

The purpose of the inventory in this case is to determine the timing of the delay in payment of the debt. On the basis of the received calculations, the enterprise determines the amount of the delay, and then relates it to the uncollectible (if the debtor was liquidated) or doubtful. In the first case, the debt should be written off at the expense of the created reserve, and in the second - it is included in it. Use the funds of the fund can only cover the costs of bad debts.

These deductions relate to non-operating expenses, reducing the basis for calculating the corporate profit tax (NPP), that is, only NPP payers can conduct such transactions. The amount of deductions is determined for each debt:

• <90 days overdue - 100%;
• 45-90 days - 50%;
• > 45 days - 0%.

At the same time, if the debt amount is fully included in the reserve, then there should not be more than 10% of the proceeds of the current period.

Example calculation

LLC "X" established the formation of reserves in 2014. Payments on NPP are paid once a quarter, accordingly, the reserve is adjusted at the same time.

1. Inventory of the provision for doubtful debts on March 31, 1944 showed that four of the debtors were overdue by the DZ. The company's revenue is 3 million rubles. The amount of the provision is calculated as follows:

Client	Delay, days	Amount of debt, RUR.	Amount of deductions, RUR.
1	105	200	200 (200 * 100%)
2	85	100	50 (100 * 50%)
3	50	300	150 (300 * 50%)
4	10	400	0 (400 * 0%)

The total amount of the reserve: 200 + 50 + 150 = 400 thousand rubles.

Tax Restrictions: 3000 * 0,1 = 300 thousand rubles.

The amount of the formed reserve: 300 thousand rubles.

2. Adjustment. In the second quarter, the third debtor settled with the supplier, and the first was liquidated. No new doubtful sums appeared, so these operations should be displayed on balance accounts.

In NU, a hopeless DZ is written off in full. If it exceeds the amount accumulated in the fund, it should be attributed to non-operating expenses. So, the calculation of the allowance for doubtful debts in the second quarter should look like this:

Client	Delay, days	Amount of debt, RUR.	Amount of deductions, RUR.
2	175	100	100 (100 * 100%)
4	100	400	400 (400 * 100%)

Total reserve: 100 + 400 = 500 thousand rubles.

Tax Restrictions: 6000 * 0.1 = 600 thousand rubles.

Amount of deductions: 500 thousand rubles.

From the first quarter, there were 100 thousand rubles. Unused reserve. Accordingly, it is adjusted upwards, and 400 thousand should be attributed to non-operating costs.

Debt transfer

According to Art. 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the amount of doubtful debt not fully written off in the current period can be transferred to the next. The newly created reserve should be adjusted for the amount of the balance: if it is less, the difference relates to non-operating income; If more - to expenses.

At the end of the year, the adjustment is as follows. If the decision on the formation of the reserve is made for the next year, the amount is transferred. If not, the balance should be included in non-operating income.

Typical accounting entries

DT	KR	Business transaction
91-2 Sub-account "Other expenses"	63	Creation of a reserve.
63	60, 62, 76	Debits that were previously recognized as doubtful (at the end of the statute of limitations, upon a court decision, after liquidation, bankruptcy of the debtor) are written off. The amount specified in this posting must be duplicated on the off-balance sheet account. 007 and stay there for the next 5 years. If the financial situation of the debtor improves, it may be possible to write off the debt.
76	68	Indicated VAT on decommissioned DMZ.
63	91-1	Unused unutilized amounts of reserves to the profit of the current period, which follows the creation period.
51/63	62/91	Full repayment of debt.
91	62	Assignment of the amount exceeding the balance of income. If the reserve was not created, then the bad and other debts should be included in the expenses of the organization.
51	91	The debtor repays the debt in full or in part. The same amount should be displayed on the credit of the off-balance account 007.

The difference between NU and BU

As mentioned above, taxpayers who decide to create reserves of OUs and BUs will inevitably encounter a difference in the data. This is due to the following reasons:

1. In the amount of the provision for doubtful debts, only the amount for the unpaid sold HP is included in the BU. Debt for sold OS and other property is not included.

2. In the accounts of the BU, the amount of the doubtful debt is displayed by the decision of the management. In the Tax Code, if overdue for more than 90 days, the amount in the reserve is accounted for in full.

3. In BU the unused balance should be attributed to the financial results of the organization. In the Tax Code, it can be transferred to the next period (year).

The enterprise shall create a register-settlement and keep records of provisions for doubtful debts therein. The results of the inventory of the reporting period should be confirmed in the relevant act (No. INV-17) with the added chapters:

- date of occurrence of the debt (3 groups from the Tax Code);

- percentage of deductions (0 or 100).

The accountant should monitor the transfer of doubtful debt to a bad debt, and transfer the remaining amount or include it in financial results.

Displaying transactions in "Accounting 1C"

Typical configuration settings allow you to track the amount of overdue debt separately for each customer. But for this you need to install the checkboxes. In the "Accounting Parameters Settings" window, on the "Settlements with counterparties" tab, you specify the period after which the deadline will begin to count. But this rule will be valid if in the accounting policy on the tab "Settlements with counterparties" the checkbox "Form reserves in OU and / or BU" is established. If both checkboxes are activated, there will inevitably be a difference in the numbers. The reasons for its appearance have already been mentioned above.

If the term of the debt is more than 45 days, during the closing of the month, a reserve of 50% of the total amount for DT 62 and DT 76.06 will be credited. If the period is more than 90 days, then - 100%. For the delay in foreign currency, the reserve amount will have to be formed manually. Check the correctness of calculations in the database can be in the same name reference.

Next, consider the typical accounting entries that are generated in the database.

• If the client used an old configuration in which the analyst was not maintained for each shipment document, after the configuration update, a new accounting policy should be created, the total amount of the reserve should be allocated to the shipping documents using the "Operation (BU and OU)".
• Дт 91.02 Кт 63 - posting is created automatically on the last day of the month.
• The reserve is formed for each client. The program analyzes the balance on DT 62 and 76.06. If a client has one advance contract and another has debts in excess of 45 days, the reserve will still be added. And if this amount differs from OU, the difference will automatically be taken into account.
• Дт 63 Кт 91.01 - posting of the restoration of the reserve, which is formed automatically at the end of the month. The amount is reduced if the customer paid for the goods.
• Дт 63 Кт 91.01; - Transfer of debt.
• Дт 63 Кт 62 (76.06) - write-off of the DZ. This posting is formed by the document "Debt Adjustment" with the "Write-off" view. You should indicate the "Allowance for doubtful debts" account 63 and indicate a sub-check.

If the enterprise keeps records in the NU and the BU, then it is necessary to change the amounts separately. To do this, in the document "Debt Adjustment" you need to activate the "Manual Adjustment" checkbox. Then, in posting Дт 63 Кт 62.01 specify the amount of the reserve, and the balance attributed to the permanent and temporary differences. The program correctly calculates the NPP if the following condition is satisfied: BU = NU + PR + BP.

The balance of the debt, which is not covered by the reserve in the NU, must relate to ct. 91.02 "Write-off of the DZ (CZ)." That is, under the debit and the loan there is a negative constant and temporary difference.

The amount of the written-off debt for which more than three years have passed has to be registered for another 5 years on the off-balance account 007. But if during this time the customer has returned at least part of the money, this transaction is reflected by the following posting: Дт 50 (51) Кт 91.02. If the money has not returned, then the account is closed by "Operation BU (OU)" for the full amount.

Summary

The enterprise, at the end of the reporting period, should create provisions for doubtful debts, that is, for amounts whose return is unlikely. The ways of calculating such amounts in NUs and VUs differ. If the management decides to display the amounts not only in the accounting documents, but also in the accounting policy, corrections must be made manually in the database. It is important to understand the purpose of this reserve. The higher the amount of doubtful debts, the greater the indicator of net assets. For "beautiful" reporting, which is submitted to the bank, this is not always good.