Accounting policy of the enterprise: theoretical aspect

Over the long period of existence and development of economic theory, theories have been created and tested, in which the most diverse sources of profit are justified and in accordance with which the accounting policy of the enterprise is built. As a rule, these theories are usually classified into objective theories, in which this policy is considered as a derivative of profit sources, mediated by a competitive equilibrium, and subjective, where the accounting policy is formed under the influence of the way of profit generation, formed due to entrepreneurial entrepreneurial talent. The founders of the theories of the first group were A. Smith, K. Marx, J. S. Mill and other supporters of the classical theory of profit. They explained the possibility of making a profit exclusively as an externally dependent phenomenon, caused by imbalances arising from competition.

Accounting policies, enterprises or institutions, based on an understanding of the source of profit as a result of the manifestation of the personal qualities of the entrepreneur, was substantiated, first of all, in the works of J.-B. Seiya and JA Shumpeter.

The problem of achieving the best financial performance of the company is the main one for any commercial institution, and the accounting policy of the enterprise that contributes to obtaining such a result, fixes in cash the result of all business activities.

Accounting for financial results of the enterprise, as a component of the entire financial result, records the increase or decrease in the value of the fixed assets of the enterprise, capital, which is formed for any period in the process of business functioning.

The accounting policy of the enterprise reflects the processes of business profitability dynamics, the degree to which it achieves its goals, the nature and effectiveness of innovation.

As a rule, in accounting, the accounting of financial results of an enterprise in the aggregate of all indicators, including cash accounting, is made on the basis of calculation of expenses and revenues and their recording in a single report for a certain period of economic activity. The key indicators of financial results here are the profit of the enterprise or company and the loss.

A loss is a financial loss, a reduction in all material and financial resources that arise when spending exceeds income. Profit is also understood as an indicator reflecting the excess of the company's revenues on expenses. Sources of such excess can serve as a successful sale of goods or services produced, competent marketing policy, peculiarities of the market situation in the market. Profit making is the main financial result for any business, for which purpose accounting is organized at the enterprise. Ultimately, profit characterizes profitability, which in turn determines the effectiveness of business activities in general.

In practice, several fairly effective strategies are being applied to significantly improve the financial performance of the company. Especially effective, these strategies have proved themselves in industries where the company's work is aimed at the end user, that is, where the most important indicators are the volumes of production of goods and services.

Such strategies are:

• Reducing the cost of production by reducing production costs;
• Introduction of innovations and advanced technologies in production;
• Improving the quality of the assortment and its optimization;
• Improvement and optimization of the company's production and non-production structure;
• Active marketing policy and use of additional sources for profit;
• Optimization, automation and application of modern technologies in the field of accounting.

Due to the fact that in a market economy, the efficiency of a business is reflected in financial results, the recording of cash in the enterprise is the basis for the effective operation of the enterprise in the market.