Panel building, affordable housing

Panel building is one of the ways of prefabricated construction. It is based on the use of prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs or prefabricated panels. Such products are used for the construction of administrative and large residential buildings. Such construction in the world practice has found its wide distribution, this was served by three main prerequisites, among them:

• The need for mass construction;
• Availability of appropriate raw materials base;
• Complex preparation of sites for mass building.

Panel housing construction is impossible without the presence of road ways, which should differ in impressive load-carrying capacity and width, since this uses a special technique for the delivery of installation units. The powerful lifting crane equipment is also used, because the weight of the panels can reach 9 tons, and the reach of the boom is 30 m. The positive qualities of this house-building are quick-assembly structures, a high degree of readiness for finishing works, the quality of structures and prefabricated elements, the latest of which are manufactured by the industrial Way.

Prospects

Panel housing construction is developing quite intensively today. Like any other technology, the described develop new engineering, design and planning solutions. For example, today the construction of houses with facades without seams is practiced. Then, as recently as it became known, the possibility of using outdoor insulation technologies, which involves the use of single-layer reinforced concrete panels. This insulation does not delay the delivery of the object on schedule, as similar work is carried out in parallel with the installation of utilities and the implementation of interior decoration of buildings.

If we consider in more detail the silent technology of erecting the facade, it can be noted that each circuit is assembled from single-layer panels, the thickness of which can vary from 120 to 160 mm. After that, the outer layer is strengthened with a heat-insulating layer of materials that are characterized by a low coefficient of thermal conductivity. In addition to this protection, the heater acts as a base for applying the plaster layer. Over the reinforced layer is applied to the adhesive composition, the thickness of which can vary from 2 to 4 mm. The fiberglass mesh is pressed into the adhesive composition, and then the primer layer is applied.

The final stage of external finishing is the use of polymeric, mineral or decorative rough plaster. This perspective of panel housing construction allowed to give the buildings a modern look, to improve their thermal insulation characteristics and to close inter-panel joints, eliminating cold bridges. At the same time leakage is excluded, which could cause freezing of the external walls.

The facades have an individual appearance, now they can have a rich color scheme and can be easily repaired if necessary. Prospects for panel house construction also include the use of a ventilated facade, in the process of which porcelain panels are used, reinforced by the method of seamless finishing. Such a rapid spread of this technology is also due to the fact that the panels have a higher quality in comparison with monolithic structures.

Main advantages

Considering the advantages of panel housing construction, it can be noted that such buildings are quite cheap. Housing in buildings of this type is more profitable, and if you compare the price of an apartment in a panel house with a living area in a brick building, the difference will be significant. Plus, you can also call the speed of erection. For example, a 17-storey building can be built by a team of specialists in six months, whereas for a monolith building it will take 2.5 years.

Ready-made reinforced concrete structures are delivered to the construction site, which shortens the work schedule. External panels already have window blocks, and inside there are ready channels for laying electrical wiring. If you are interested in the advantages of panel housing, you can pay attention to evenness of internal systems. Panels are made in the plant, so long to suffer with plastering the owners do not have to. Do not bring surfaces to ideal smoothness.

Such buildings almost do not sit down, so the owners can immediately start repairing after the completion of construction. And in the house that has just been built, there will be no distortions and other shortcomings. Among other things, the construction of such buildings is constantly being improved and modernized. Already this year, it is planned to build new requirements, new projects will have free planning, and facades - a variety of design.

The main disadvantages

Great drawbacks in panel housing construction can be considered the presence of seams, which to this day remain between the panels, if the construction is not based on innovative technology. If small cracks will be present at the joints, moisture will enter the room, as a result of which the walls will become damp, and mold will appear on their surface. Minus is the low ability to accumulate heat. In winter, the walls quickly cool down, whereas in the summer they heat up quite quickly.

The construction of panel houses today is still carried out according to old technologies, therefore such buildings have some disadvantages, among them:

• Unsuccessful planning;
• The course of the roof;
• Homogeneity of houses;
• Lack of possibility to make redevelopment.

Main types of panel buildings

If you classify the described buildings, then you can select frame and frameless buildings. The first type is skeleton-panel, while the second type includes large-panel houses. Frame-panel can be divided into two additional structural schemes: with a full and with an internal frame. If it is a complete frame, then the building is formed with the help of external supports and ribbed panels in the form of overlappings. The panels fix the panels and internal partitions. If the building is built using the full frame technology, then the method of longitudinal and transverse arrangement of the frame can be used. In frame-panel houses the length of the span can vary from 5.6 to 6 m. Along the building there are columns, the distance between which can vary from 3.2 to 3.6 m.

Features of frameless buildings

Large-panel housing construction can be attributed to frameless construction. Depending on the number of storeys and the purpose of the building, it is possible to distinguish several structural schemes, namely: buildings with bearing internal and external longitudinal and transverse partitions, constructions with self-supporting external and bearing transverse partitions, as well as houses with bearing external and longitudinal internal walls.

If it is a question of buildings with transverse partitions, then in them the supporting elements are internal transversely located partitions on which the ceilings are supported. The outer panels in this case are lightened and strengthened, they serve as the fencing elements, since the load from the overlapping is not perceived by them.

Technological process

The panel house-building, the technology of which is described in the article, provides for the release of elements at specialized enterprises, which are called factories of frame-panel and large-panel housing construction. Formation of elements of a large-panel building is carried out in one of three main ways, namely: vertical formation in cassettes, use of aggregate-flow or conveyor method, as well as a method of vibrating rolling. In the latter case, a rolling mill is used.

In the next stage, the finished panels are transported, for this purpose, panel cutters are used, which are a semi-trailer or trailer. Their carrying capacity sometimes exceeds 24 tons. Modern panel housing construction usually involves the installation of elements on the link system. The erection of buildings is the use of external and internal bearing panels and slabs, which are installed next to each other, so that after the concrete is poured joints and seams turned out to be as small as possible. As a result, it is possible to create a stable structure.

Additional advantages and disadvantages of panel housing construction

The components of the panel house, which have the appearance of reinforced concrete slabs, are manufactured in house-building plants. On the quality of such products will always be advantageous to differ from those that are built directly on the construction site. Frame-panel housing construction is reminiscent of the assembly of children's design kit. The area of the construction site is smaller than that used for the construction of a brick house. Such time-consuming and lengthy processes, as the installation of reinforcement or concrete, which are characteristic of monolithic housing construction, are excluded. In this, experts see the main advantage over other types of construction.

Frame-panel housing construction has its drawbacks, which are expressed in the impossibility of producing a wide range of similar structures. This is especially true for the variety of shapes that are limited to typical formwork. The plants produce only those structures that require mass application. The wide introduction of prefabricated reinforced concrete technology entails the appearance of a huge number of similar buildings, which leads to the degradation of the architecture of the region.

Features of private panel housing construction

Private panel housing construction may involve the use of SIP material, the quality of which must be checked before purchase. If in the production of poor quality polystyrene foam or glue, this can reduce the life of the house. Do not buy panels that were made by the method of manual gluing, such products, although they are cheaper, but have a low quality.

Low-rise panel housing construction must be carried out after checking the documentation, which confirms the quality of the products. The strength of the panels is determined by the quality of expanded polystyrene. For the erection of such a house it is recommended to form a columnar foundation using piles. Sometimes a shallow deep foundation is arranged . Such a foundation becomes a reliable support even for multi-storey buildings. If such a foundation is not suitable for the reason that the soil is freezing, it is best to choose the ribbon foundation of a deep foundation, it should have an enlarged lower part. When building a house, where there will be a basement or basement floor, it is worth stopping on the slab foundation. It is suitable for almost any soil and has high performance.

Technology of construction

Houses from panel slabs begin to be built from the erection of the foundation. The technology of its installation will depend on the variety of the chosen substrate. Among the advantages of the foundation on screw piles can be identified the speed of work, as well as their entire seasonality. This comparison is relevant, if you take into account the slab or tape base.

After the construction of the foundation is completed, it is possible to proceed to its waterproofing, which will protect the house's base from moisture. If there are elements made of steel or wood, they should be treated with special compositions that improve the quality and the long service life. If screw piles were installed, then the bundling bar is laid on them, but before that it is necessary to lay the roofing material in 2 layers. Installation of the bar is made in proportion to the well-prepared project.

Methods of work

The construction of panel houses in the next stage involves the installation of a floor. The lower part of the SIP panels is treated with a waterproofing solution, which prevents the material from becoming exposed to moisture. For splicing panels among themselves, you can use a tenon-groove connection with a bar. Each side is strengthened with a self-tapping screw.

Before installation, the mounting foam should be applied to the stud-groove side of the panels. After that, the panels are covered with wooden boards. At the next stage, you can begin to mount the first floor. Work is carried out on the lower strapping. The smallest deviations from the project are unacceptable, as this will affect the correctness of the installation of subsequent floors. The walls at this stage must be marked, corner panels must be installed to assemble them. Next, the panels are mounted in relation to the perimeter of each room.

Conclusion

Panel construction provides for the completion of the assembly of the first floor in the corner. To close the end section, the elements are used in the form of racks. The next step will be the installation of ceilings, as well as the construction of the roof. There is no need to build a rafter system. For the installation of the roof usually use special SIP panels, and lay a layer of heat and vapor barrier is not necessary.