Non-traditional Feeds - In Help Farmer

The accumulation of more animals in confined areas, often their year-round stay in enclosed spaces and some other processes often cause in animals a deterioration in health, a weakening of the constitution, profound metabolic disorders, and as a consequence a decline in productivity. Therefore, the quality of feeding and its usefulness must be given special attention. The diet, containing all nutrients and biologically active substances necessary for the animal, determines not only the full-scale growth and productivity of the animal, but also the minimum feed consumption per unit of output. Unfortunately, in nature there is not a single feed that can fully meet the nutritional needs of the animal's body, which is deprived of the possibility of free choice of food and is in a situation of deep isolation from nature and mainly using fodder harvested by man. Nevertheless, there are tools and methods that can enrich the diet for missing nutrients. It will be about the available to most farmers, the so-called non-traditional feed, which at the same time can significantly save on feed. This is the reserve that all livestock keepers can use, which is especially important in conditions of feed shortage.

Nontraditional fodder, technology for obtaining and applying a lot. Let us dwell on several of them, the use of which can be organized practically in the conditions of any farming enterprise and will be examined in more detail.

The following groups of feed raw materials can be distinguished.

• Liquid additives (pomace, juices and infusions, concentrates, pastes, unicellular algae);
• Fresh and juicy feed and additives (fresh needles and leaves, perennial forage, forest silage, dead leaves food, plantations of wild plants and cultivated plants, hydroponic green food);
• Dry food (wood hay, fodder brooms, vitamin feed meal);
• Concentrated additives (seeds of herbs and woody plants, Concentrates of vitamins, dry biomass of larvae of flies and microalgae, fodder yeast, etc.).

The most accessible source of feed is the forest. The great variety of forest waste, their accessibility, the possibility of year-round use allow us to consider them as one of the most accessible reserves.

Forage resources of the forest:

Liquid additives . Natural juices and infusions from woody greens are an effective vitamin-nutritional supplement. Their advantage is that they can be manufactured at the place of consumption, the shortcoming is a short shelf life - up to 5-7 days. Natural juices are 10-15 times more concentrated additives in comparison with infusions and require rationing. The most common infusions of juniper needles, spruce, pine, they are obtained by extracting green greens (70-90 ° C) or cold water. In 100 cm3, the spruce needles contained 26.4 mg of vitamin C, pine - 35.2, juniper - 28.1 mg. Fresh crushed coniferous paw is placed in a barrel and poured hot water at the rate of one part of the needles 3-4 parts of water (by weight). The barrel is closed with a lid and left from 3 hours to 8 hours, with the use of cold water - for a day. To reduce the loss of nutrients and improve taste, coniferous infusions can be fermented. From 1 kg of fresh woody greens, you can get 3-4 kg of nutrient and physiologically active infusion. Water infusions of conifers have antibacterial action, which is useful for prevention against staphylococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and bacteria of the entero-typhoid group.

Fresh and juicy food and supplements. Eternal feed. Fresh or dried leafy (tree hay) mass of trees and shrubs can replace up to 20-30% of coarse fodder in rations of ruminants and is a source of biologically active substances.

Grinding of fresh veterinary feed before feeding increases eating and digestibility, which reduces losses.

Chestnut, oak, hazel, dogwood, juniper, willow and willow spruce and spruce are less desirable because of the higher content of extractives that reduce the effectiveness of their use.

The feed value of the forage feed depends on the tree species, the harvest season, the diameter and lining of the branches, and varies on average from 3762 to 5852 kJ of exchange energy per 1 kg of dry matter. Digestibility during the growing season is 35.2-49.4%. Increased value of the raw material for deciduous trees is characterized by its harvesting in the first half of the growing season, and coniferous - in the winter. The nutrition of the forage can be increased by hydrothermal and chemical treatments, by yeast or saccharification.

Coniferous paw , unlike hardwood trees, it is better to start harvesting and feeding animals in late autumn - in winter, when the content of extractive substances is minimal, introducing them gradually into the diet. Introduction to the diet of pine needles is the optimal option for the prevention of avitaminosis, various intestinal and respiratory diseases against the background of a general deficiency of feed. Needles are a cheaper source of carotene than hay, carrots, fish oil or herbal flour.

Siloing and senazhirovanie leaves, needles, small branches is one of the methods of their conservation and in the silage process, the forage acquires new organoleptic properties that increase its eating. Good results are shown in the feeding of silage from woody vegetation and mixed silage from forest waste and grassy vegetation (grass, vegetable and field crop waste) using fodder hydrolysis sugars and urea to compensate for the lack of readily digestible sugars. Some species of forest wood silage (from spent woody greens) lack characteristic features of ensiling (formation of lactic, acetic acids), but their mass is well preserved, has a color close to the original color and a pleasant smell (withered foliage, autumn decay).

Food from fallen leaves of various tree species also has a certain feed value. Yellow leaves, unlike green ones, contain less protein, almost do not contain carotene, vitamin C, sugars, but they contain increased amounts of fat, fiber, and ashes. Feed value of fallen leaves is 25-35% lower. Grind, steal, apply silage and yeast, etc.

Dry food. Woody hay is a dried material for forage purposes. Bunches of dry, shallow, well-limbed branches are called brooms, dry leaves - "woody" hay. Dry leaves and dry woody greens have a sufficiently high nutritional content, contain many minerals.

Vitamin flour from woody greens contains from 7,2 to 16,6% of a protein and under the maintenance of many nutrients does not concede to a flour from an alfalfa. Used in the production of combined feeds, and as an additive in the rations of farm animals and birds. Coniferous flour is a vitamin feed obtained from dried pine needles or spruce and pine branches with high efficiency of application. In particular, from 1 kg of dry matter of birch, aspen and alder leaves, 125-200 mg of carotene can be obtained, pine needles, spruce, juniper, fir and cedar 60-100 mg; Vitamin C from 1 kg pine needles 3000-3200 and spruce 4,000 units, more than in oranges and lemons. In the conditions of farming, vitamin flour from leaves can be prepared by their natural shrinkage and subsequent grinding.

Sawdust is used both in fresh and processed form. Crushed wood is added to concentrated feeds in an amount of 25-50% to limit their eating habits. In the ruminant rations enter large sawdust (15-25% of the diet) to normalize the function of the scar, reduce the incidence of parakeratosis. In particular, natural aspen sawdust has full-fledged forage properties. The fodder value of sawdust can be increased by simple methods: hydrobarothermic treatment, excess amount of alkali by cold or hot methods, ammonia water, etc.

Food from paper wastepaper. Crushed paper waste paper contains up to 90% of cellulose. The effectiveness of using paper waste paper for feed depends on the type of paper. The digestibility of dry matter was established: for brown wrapping paper 90.8%, for glazed paper - 41.0-46.5, for newspaper wrapping - 26.5-33.2%. With the inclusion of 10-20% of newsprint in full-fledged diets, the digestibility of dry matter rises from 77.9 to 80.1-81.8%.

There are several ways to prepare paper waste paper for feeding, in particular, grinding and mixing with molasses in a ratio of 25:75 followed by drying at a temperature of 85 ° C to form lumps, and the like. Then they are included in the ration.

It should be borne in mind that such feed materials as waste paper, sawdust, etc., including straw with the preparation technology described below, containing a large amount of cellulose, are applicable only to polygastric (ruminant) animals.

Other sources of feed.

Liquid additives . Unicellular algae. Algae can be grown in reservoirs and artificial plants in areas not suitable for farming; Their culture is less dependent on climatic conditions, and cultivation for fodder purposes is possible in any farm. To the merits of this food can also be attributed to the rapid growth of biomass. On the 6th day of cultivation, when the amount of vitamins in the medium is maximal, the cell suspension of the animals is soldered, without loss of vitamins and other bioactive substances in the medium - antibiotics, enzymes, sterols, phytohormones, etc.

When adding 5-7 kg of dry matter of chlorella to 1 ton of grain, the biological value of grain increases 1.5 times. Among the strains of algae used throughout the world for the production of food and feed additives, three species are common: Spirulina, Dunaliella and Chlorella.

Cultivation of Spirulina species allows to obtain 128 tons / ha of protein per year. Dunaliella is an object of mass industrial cultivation. This seaweed is superior in its food qualities to other high-fat fats (up to 28%) and vitamins, a complete set of amino acids and also a low content of ash substances, is characterized by good digestibility. Chlorella - by the content of vitamins is superior to all plant foods and crops, including yeast. Chlorella produces B12, which is not found in either yeast or higher plants. If the fish oil contains 6 vitamins, then in chlorella there are at least 13. Provitamin A in it is 7-10 times more than in dog-rose or dry apricots. Chlorella is an active producer of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins with an easily variable ratio of these compounds. In the same culture, changing the growing conditions, it is possible to obtain biomass with a protein content of 9 to 88%, carbohydrates from 6 to 37%, and fats from 4 to 85%. Nutrition 1 kg of biomass is equal to 4-5 kg of soy, and protein is equivalent to a protein of dry milk or meat. Chlorella promotes the cure of animals from avitaminosis and various gastrointestinal diseases.

When using cultivators, the payback is 1-2 months. Different growing technologies allow the use of liquid manure, agricultural processing waste and flue gases as a source of carbon dioxide and other similar media as a nutrient medium. In closed automated plants the productivity of chlorella is 100-40 g of dry matter per 1m ² per day, which corresponds to 360-500 t / ha per year. The average productivity in open type facilities under natural light is in the range of 14-35 g / m2 per day. In natural reservoirs chlorella effectively conducts biological rehabilitation of wastewater and polluted water bodies, which allows to restore the ecosystem of these reservoirs to a natural level.

A typical chlorella production plant in an animal farm or complex usually has the form of a greenhouse and consists of a room for industrial cultivation and a laboratory for preparing a nutrient solution. It should be borne in mind that the use of algae in feed requires balancing, their use in a concentrated form can worsen the quality of livestock products.

Fresh and juicy food and supplements . Seaweed. In our reservoirs there are two species of duckweed - three-lobed and small. These are perennial very small, branching plants, entirely immersed in water. They reproduce vegetatively, in a very short time they can completely cover the surface of stagnant water bodies. They feed on nutrients dissolved in water, taking them with their entire surface. Wintering, dropping with the onset of cold weather on the bottom of the reservoirs. Duckweed contains proteins, vitamins, mineral salts. It has long been used in feeding birds and pigs. At the same time, the green mass of the duckweed is sprinkled with bran (sowing) and flour. There are no contraindications for use in feeding other animal species as an additive to the main food.

There are wild species suitable for feeding, among them, such powerful wild species as the swan spreading, the leucorrhoea, the nettle and many others deserve attention.

Quay spreading is unique with a combination of high cold resistance and maximum productivity of photosynthesis, worthy of study as an additional feed source. The green part of the plant contains ascorbic acid (up to 150 mg%), carotene (up to 10 mg%), proteins (10 to 30%), fats (0.4 to 2.2%), fiber (9.3 to 39% , 2%), betaine (1.22%).

The nett value of nettle is that, with the same growth factors, it provides yields 1.5-2.0 times higher than traditional crops, the harvesting capacity of the green mass for 20-25 days comes earlier, which allows using it in the green conveyor system. As a high-yielding and full-value fodder crop it is grown in many countries. Each hectare seeded every 8-10 years yields 800-1000 c / ha, and with irrigation, even more green mass. According to the nutritional value of nettle is not inferior to leguminous crops. Nettle is used as infusions, decoctions, hay, added to hay and silage. It increases milk yield and weight gain in livestock, while in birds it increases egg production. Nettle is recommended to be added to feed pigs, especially pregnant uteri. But, it should be remembered that feeding stale nettles, after 6-12 hours of storage can lead to poisoning due to the accumulation of nitrates.

Amaranth for 8 thousand years was one of the main crops of South America and Mexico along with beans and corn. Amaranth is an annual herbaceous plant, whose height can reach 2,5-4 m. The panicle in its mature state has a length of 30 cm and a diameter of 15 cm. The weight of one panicle reaches 1 kg. Amaranth seeds are very small, like grains of sand, up to 500 thousand in one panicle. Cereal amaranth gives seeds, similar in characteristics and properties to grain cereals, however, since it does not belong to the family of cereals, it is called pseudo-barley. More than half of the amaranth proteins are albumins and globulins with a balanced amino acid composition. Amaranth seeds contain an average of 15-17% protein, 5-8% butter and 3.7-5.7% fiber, which is higher than most cereals (protein content in maize is 10-12.6%, fat - 4,6-6,7, in wheat protein - 9-14, fats - 1,1-3,4%). Because of the significant amino acid content of lysine, which is twice that of amaranth protein in wheat, and three times that of corn and sorghum, and even comparable in quantity with soy and cow's milk, the quality of amaranth protein is considered very high . If the ideal protein (close to egg) is estimated at 100 points, the casein protein will have 72 points, soybean - 68, wheat - 58, corn - 44, and amaranth - 75 points. Thus, due to its biological characteristics, the amaranth is more interesting than the nearest competitor - soy, and the production of protein products from amaranth is potentially less costly than that of soy. At the same time, the main competitive advantages of amaranth protein concentrates are their naturalness and a more balanced amino acid composition.

Fodder amaranth in the form of green mass or grain is used to produce silage, in the production of vitamin flour and granules. The green mass is well eaten by all domestic animals. Introduction in the diet of amaranth helps to increase the quantity and quality of products and reduce its cost. The yield of amaranth is 35-60 c / ha of grain and up to 2000 c / ha of biomass. Amaranth is considered to be the cheapest and high-protein food, as in fresh form, as well as silage, herbal flour or granules. Silage can be fed all year round. Green mass from July to frost. In a silo from a mixture of maize and amaranth in a proportion of 1: 1, the protein content, in comparison with corn silage, increases by 1.32 times, the quantity of other substances necessary for animals: lysine, calcium, phosphorus is much higher.

It is also important that for sowing only 0.5-1 kg of seeds per 1 ha is required. For sowing the same wheat, an average of 200 kg is required, and maize - 50 kg of grain per 1 ha. Very responsive and undemanding to the agrotechnical activities of culture. A good component for the green conveyor, along with rapeseed.

Rapeseed is a plant of the cruciferous family (cabbage). This oilseed and protein culture has a great nutritional and fodder value. In many respects, rape surpasses many other crops. Its seeds contain 40-48% fat and 25-30% protein. At the same time, the shell of rapeseed seeds is resistant to the action of natural digestive enzymes and when using untreated whole grain in the feeding of cows, it passes up to 30% through the entire gastrointestinal tract.

Rapeseed is a universal forage crop. It can be successfully cultivated in almost all climatic zones of the country.

Using a few simple rules, you can avoid probable digestive disorders. They consist that it is impossible to give green weight of a rape on an empty stomach, after a rain or a dew. It is necessary gradually to accustom cattle to eating rapeseed greens to adhere to the maximum norms of feeding depending on the type of cattle and its age. The green weight of rapeseed for autumn feeding is important, it extends the green conveyor to all the severe pre-winter season. The green mass of rape can be given to all types of animals, and the daily dose of milking cows, depending on their productivity, to 20-25 kg. Rape raises frost to - 7 degrees and continues to bloom. Only due to the autumn feeding of the green mass of rape during 60-70 autumn days, you can increase the yield by 100-150 liters from each cow. Especially the importance of rapeseed in dry years, when it compensates for the loss of grain and fodder, and on dead crops it can be sown throughout July. And on the example of the collective farm "Kolkhoz Grain" of the Kirov region, do not rush to plow rape after harvesting it for oilseeds, it gives a rich otava.

For feeding animals and birds you can use grass, seeds, meals, oil cakes and oil. The green mass of rape grass, as well as other cruciferous crops: turtles, radishes, typhons, are successfully used in feeding cattle and pigs. Cruciferous grass contains the same high level of protein as legumes, but 10% less fiber (15% versus 25%). The most attractive feature of crucifers is their ability to give a full yield of green mass in early spring (before rye) and late autumn (before freezing -8C0) periods, which significantly extends the period of the green conveyor. Important is the following feature. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus in rations for animals should be 1.2-2 to 1. However, in the main feed types of grain and by-products of their processing, on the contrary, the level of phosphorus is 3-8 times higher than the level of calcium. This forces the introduction of chalk, shell rock and other calcium-containing substances into the rations. At the same time, chalk, getting into the stomach of pigs and poultry, sharply neutralizes acidity there, which worsens the digestibility of nutrients and promotes the growth of pathogenic microflora in the gastrointestinal tract. In rapeseed fodder products, the ratio of calcium to phosphorus is 0.9: 1, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the intake of chalk or shell rock.

To the number of non-traditional fodder plants, which yield a high yield in conditions of different agroclimatic zones, belongs to Jerusalem artichoke . The homeland of Jerusalem artichoke is North America. In Russia, this culture came in the 17th century in two ways: from Europe and from China. This is a perennial tuber plant from the genus Sunflower of the Astro family. Jerusalem artichoke shows high productivity during the first five years after planting the tubers. Jerusalem artichoke also gives an abundant high-nutrient green mass late in the autumn, when the botanical composition of vegetative plants is greatly reduced. The average yield of tubers is 40-50 t / ha, the tops are 30 t / ha. Tubers of autumn harvesting are very poorly kept. Jerusalem artichoke is often excavated as needed, since it is kept better in the ground, and in snowy winters it does not get cold at -40C. The green mass is harvested at the end of September or in the first half of October by a forage harvester or a mower with a pick-up. When the Jerusalem artichoke is used for 2-3 years only as a green mass, for the production of haylage, silage or flour, the stems are cut twice - the first time at a plant height of 80-100 cm is 6-10 cm above the lower pair of leaves, from the sinuses again grow stems , And the second - from the end of September to frost.

According to the amino acid composition of the protein, the green mass and Jerusalem artichoke tuber is a biologically valuable food. Nutrition of tubers 0,23-0,29 feed. The protein content is on average 3.2% per dry matter, consisting of 16 amino acids, of which 9 are essential. It is a multivitamin plant with a good mineral composition. The Jerusalem artichoke is eaten almost by all animals in the farm or peasant farm - cows, horses, goats, sheep, pigs, and equally willingly they eat both tops and roots. Its place in the peasant and farming industry is an auxiliary fodder crop with a low cost price (Both monetary and "labor"). He gives, first, the effective use of infertile land, inefficiencies, slopes. Secondly, the forage period covered by Jerusalem artichoke is two months in autumn, and three months in spring - five months, not too little, especially considering what months it is!

The small content of toxic substances in artichoke is an important quality of this culture.

Borshevik Sosnovsky - a long and high-yielding culture. The yield of the green mass of the cowweed is higher than that of corn, it forms an above-ground biomass of up to 2000 c / ha. Important long-term use of horticulture plantations and the cheapness of its cultivation (the lack of annual many costly agricultural practices). And the richness of the biomass of the cowworm with protein, vitamins, microelements, sugars (which ensures good synusity) made the crop attractive for many farms.

Scientists of many botanical institutions in the 60's participated in a large-scale and long-term program to introduce Borshevik Sosnovsky into agricultural practice as a fodder plant. However, the opinion was formed that, after including it in the ration of feeding, the animal meat acquired a specific smell, and the milk was bitter, becoming unsuitable for human consumption. It is believed that cowboy influences the infertility of cows.

Borshevik turned out to be an aggressive plant, once hitting the fields and without proper care, he began to spread and occupy all vacant places. Now cow-beef has become a real threat and threatens the balance of the ecological system not only in Russia, but also in a number of European countries.

All the problems associated with the cow groats mainly refer to only one species, the "aggressor" of roadside roads and run-down fields - the cow breamer Sosnovsky (Heracleum sosnowskiy). During the growing season, photodynamically active furocoumarins accumulate in different parts of the hogweed plant. Their contact with the skin leads to deep dermatitis, which passes through the type of burns. Excess accumulation of coumarins in the human body leads to the emergence of a disease called vitiligo.

For animals, forage from hogweed in conditions of acute forage deficiency can be used both as hay or flour in mixtures, and in the form of silage. It can be recommended in the usual practice as an additional feed crop for fattening, taking into account the advance withdrawal from the diet before slaughter. Borshchevik silage mow down before flowering. To use the greenish mass for herbal flour, it is removed as needed by the forage harvester. When harvesting hogweed, precautions should be taken, clothing should be worn. It is strictly forbidden to manually level the greenish mass of the hogweed during its loading.

The green mass is rich in sugars. The sugar content exceeds the minimum required for ensiling at a minimum of 2-2.5 times, in connection with this, the cow grouse can be silo with any hard-working plants more often with straw cutting, the otvoy of perennial grasses, etc., which add 10-15% by weight.

Reed has the greatest nutritional value before earing. In 100 kg of hay from cane to flowering contains (for absolutely dry matter) 44 feeds. Units And 3.9% digestible protein, in 1 kg of green mass - from 33.1 to 51.5 mg of carotene. However, at this time the reed contains less fiber and BEV (polysaccharides) than in subsequent periods of the growing season. The maximum deposition of polysaccharides from cane occurs during its flowering period.

Dry food. Specialists of agriculture from all over the world have been working on developing ways to increase the nutritional value of low-value fodders: straw, bran, husk and much more. The most accessible and significant waste is straw . Straw of winter and spring wheat, as well as winter rye rough, has a low energy nutrient -0.16-0.22 feed. Units In 1 kg and poorly eaten by animals. Processing of this straw by physical or chemical methods (liquefied ammonia, lime, caustic soda) provides a significant increase (2.5-3.0 times) of its eating and increases energy nutrition in 1.3-2.8 times. Feed value of straw millet, barley, oats, testes of cereal grasses, especially hedgehogs, peas and vetch spring higher, energy nutrition is 0.31-0.40 fodder. Units With a content of 16.0-35.0 g of crude protein per kg. But to increase the eating and digestibility of nutrients in the diet, it is advisable to subject it to physical methods of processing - grinding, mixing with concentrates, with high quality juicy forages in the form of silage, beet pulp , etc., as well as with biologically active and mineral additives.

In the absence of mixers, wooden boxes of 1.5x1.5x1.5 m are used. Straw cutting is laid in them with layers of 45-50 cm, then sprinkled with concentrates or watered with additives and mixed. A mixture of straw with dry concentrates is steamed with hot water (75-80 ° C) at a rate of 100 liters per 1 cent of straw. In 100 liters of water, as a rule, 2 kg of table salt are dissolved. When used in molasses mixtures, it is necessary to determine the sugar content in it to prevent oversaturation of the straw with sugar. Before mixing with straw, molasses is dissolved in hot water in a ratio of 1: 3; 1: 4 by weight and injected at a rate of 100 liters per 1 centner of straw. To avoid reducing the digestibility of raw cellulose straw in 100 liters of dissolved molasses, it is advisable to add 4-5 kg of urea. The mixture of straw and molasses is mixed and left for half an hour for infusion. When preparing feed mixtures, the quality of the straw is taken into account. Rough low-value straw of winter wheat and rye is used not more than 45% of the total mass of the mixture. Her cottage dacha is limited to 5 kg per day. Straw of millet, barley, oats, peas, testes of cereal grasses include up to 55-60% of the total mass of the mixture. The dacha of this straw, calculated on a dry basis, is allowed within 7-8 kg per cow per day.

Concentrated feeds and additives  

Seeds of herbs and woody plants can save a lot of expensive feed. You can harvest seeds of wild grasses: swans, horse sorrel, nettles, chicken millet, mouse peas, bindweed, balls, burdock, redhead, ranks, manna. And also seeds and fruits of trees: oak, horse chestnut, beech, linden, elm, ash, yellow acacia, mountain ash, elderberry, guelder-rose, hawthorn, birch earring, etc. Acorns and horse chestnuts can be fed to the farm animals both in raw form after a preliminary Soaking and grinding, and in the form of fodder flour. It is good to be able to grind them into a coarse flour, which can be used in a mixture with fallen leaves or hay. In one kg of dried whole or ground with shell and acorn flakes, 1.15 fodder is contained. Units, as a result, it is impossible to overfeed the animals with such a nutritious food with a high content of fats and carbohydrates. There are appropriate recommendations.

Many sources of non-traditional fodder resources are known, and the forest is the most accessible, and the achievements of science and practice make it possible to treat forest waste as a promising raw material base for the production of various feed products and additives that livestock require.

It should be noted that non-traditional fodders are for the most part classified, their composition, nutrition is studied, recommendations for use in reference and special literature are given. The technology and regulatory and technical foundations for obtaining all of the above feed commodities have been developed, practically any enterprise can afford technical equipment for most operations.