Language styles and speech styles. Functional language styles

Language styles are its varieties that serve this or that side of public life. All of them have several common parameters: the purpose, or the situation of use, the forms in which they exist, and a set of language tools.

The very concept comes from the Greek word "stilos", which denoted the wand for writing. As a scientific discipline, stylistics finally took shape in the twenties of the twentieth century. Among those who thoroughly investigated the problems of stylistics, were MV Lomonosov, FI Buslaev, GO Vinokur, ED Polivanov. Serious attention to individual functional styles was given by D. E. Rozental, V. V. Vinogradov, M. N. Kozhina and others.

Five styles of speech in Russian

Functional styles of the language are certain features of the speech itself or its social variety, specific vocabulary and grammar, which correspond to the sphere of activity and the way of thinking.

In Russian, they are traditionally divided into five varieties:

• colloquial;
• Official-business;
• scientific;
• Journalistic;
• art.

Norms and concepts of each depend on the historical era and change with time. Until the 17th century, the colloquial and book lexicon varied greatly. Russian became literary only in the XVIII century, in large part due to the efforts of MV Lomonosov. Modern language styles began to form at the same time.

Birth of styles

In the Old Russian period there were church literature, business documents and annals. Spoken everyday language differed from them quite strongly. At the same time, household and business documents had much in common. MV Lomonosov applied a lot of efforts to change the situation.

He laid the foundation of the ancient theory, highlighting the high, low and medium styles. According to her, the literary Russian language was formed as a result of the joint development of book and conversation options. She took as a basis stylistically neutral forms and turns from one and the other, allowed the use of folk expressions and limited the use of little-known and specific Slavs. Thanks to MV Lomonosov, then the language styles that existed then were replenished with the scientific ones.

Subsequently, Pushkin gave impetus to the further development of stylistics. His work laid the foundations of artistic style.

Moscow's orders and Peter's reforms served as the sources of the official business language. Ancient chronicles, sermons and teachings formed the basis of the journalistic style. In the literary version, it began to take shape only in the XVIII century. To date, all 5 styles of the language are designed quite clearly and have their own subspecies.

Conversational and domestic

As the name implies, this style of speech is used in everyday communication. Unlike jargon and dialects, it is based on literary vocabulary. Its sphere is a situation where there are no clear official relations between the participants. In everyday life, mostly neutral words and expressions (for example, "blue", "horse", "left") are used. But you can use words with colloquial coloring ("dressing room", "lack of time").

Inside the colloquial distinguish three subspecies: everyday, everyday, business, and epistolary. The latter includes private correspondence. Conversational and business is a variant of communication in an official atmosphere. Conversational and official business styles of the language (a lesson or lecture can serve as another example) in a certain sense divide this subspecies among themselves, as it can be attributed both there and there.

Informal communication allows for familiar, affectionate and reduced expressions, as well as words with estimated suffixes (for example, "domicile", "bunny", "bragging"). Conversational and everyday style can be very vivid and imaginative due to the use of phraseological units and words with an emotionally expressive touch ("to beat the buckets", "near," "children," "blagoderny," "skirt").

Widely used various abbreviations - "neud", "neoblozhka", "condensed milk". The spoken language is simpler than the book one - it is inappropriate to use participles and gerunds, complex multi-component sentences. In general, this style corresponds to the literary, but at the same time has its own characteristics.

Scientific style

He, like the official-business, is very strict in the choice of words and expressions, sharply narrows the scope of the permissible. The scientific style of the Russian language does not allow dialectisms, jargon, colloquial expressions, words with emotional coloring. Serves the fields of science and production.

Since the purpose of scientific texts is to present research data, objective facts, this puts forward demands for their composition and the words used. As a rule, the sequence of the presentation is as follows:

• Introduction - statement of the task, purpose, question;
• The main part - search and search of answers, hypothesis, proof;
• Conclusion - the answer to the question, the achievement of the goal.

The work in this genre is built consistently and logically, it provides two types of information: facts, and how the author organizes them.

The scientific style of the language widely uses terms, prefixes of anti-, bi-, quasi-, super-, suffixes -ost, -ism, -ni-e (antibodies, bipolar, supernovae, sedentary, symbolism, cloning). And the terms do not exist in themselves - they form a complex network of relationships and systems: from the general to the particular, from the whole to the part, the genus / species, identity / opposites, and so on.

Obligatory criteria for such a text are objectivity and accuracy. Objectivity excludes emotionally colored vocabulary, exclamations, artistic speech, it is inappropriate to conduct a story from the first person. Accuracy is often associated with terms. As an illustration, we can cite an excerpt from Anatoly Fomenko's book "Methods of Mathematical Analysis of Historical Texts."

At the same time, the degree of "complexity" of a scientific text depends primarily on the target audience and on the goal - on whom exactly is the work calculated, what amount of knowledge do these people presumably have, whether they will be able to understand what is at stake. It is clear that at an event such as a school lesson of the Russian language, speech and expression styles are needed simple, and complex scientific terminology will suit the lecture for senior courses of the university.

Of course, other factors play a big role - the theme (in the technical sciences the language is more strict and more regulated than in the humanities), the genre.

In the framework of this style, there are strict requirements for the design of written works: Ph.D. and doctoral dissertations, monographs, essays, coursework.

And the nuances of scientific speech

In addition to the scientific one, they also sing out the scientific and educational and popular science sub-strata. Each is used for a specific purpose and for a particular audience. These language styles are examples of different, but at the same time similar, communicative flows.

The scientific and educational basement is a kind of lite version of the basic style, on which literature is written for those who have just started to study a new area. Representatives - textbooks for high schools, colleges, schools (senior classes), part of self-instruction books, other literature created for beginners (below - an excerpt from the textbook of psychology for universities: authors Slastenin V., Isaev I. et al., "Pedagogy. ").

Scientific-popular lining is easier to understand than the other two. Its purpose is to explain the audience to complex facts and processes in a simple and understandable language. Various encyclopedias "101 fact about ..." were written by him.

Officially-business

Of the 5 styles of the Russian language, this is the most formalized. It is used for communication between states, as well as institutions with each other and with citizens. It is a means of communication between citizens at work, in organizations, in the service sector, within the limits of their fulfillment of their official obligations.

The official and business style is referred to as book-written, it is used in texts of laws, orders, orders, contracts, acts, powers of attorney and the like. The oral form finds application in speeches, reports, communication within the framework of working relations.

The components of the official-business style

In the general category, several sub-types are distinguished:

• Legislative . It is used in oral and written form, in laws, regulations, resolutions, instructions, explanatory letters, recommendations, as well as in instructions, line and operative comments. Orally, it sounds during parliamentary debates and appeals.
• Jurisdictional - exists in oral and written forms, used for indictments, sentences, arrest orders, judgments, cassation complaints, procedural acts. In addition, it can be heard during judicial debates, conversations at the reception of citizens, etc.
• Administrative - in written form implemented in orders, charters, decisions, contracts, labor and insurance contracts, service letters, various petitions, telegrams, wills, memos, autobiographies, reports, receipts, shipping documentation. Oral form of administrative lining - orders, auctions, commercial negotiations, speeches at receptions, tenders, meetings, etc.
• Diplomatic . This genre in writing can be found in the form of treaties, conventions, agreements, covenants, protocols, personal notes. Oral form - communiqués, memoranda, joint statements.

In the official business style, stable word combinations, complex unions and verbal nouns are actively used:

• based…
• in accordance with…
• based…
• Due to ...
• by virtue of…
• In view of ...

Only the scientific and official business styles of the language have clear forms and structure. In this case, this statement, summary, memo, identity card, marriage certificate and others.

The style is characterized by a neutral tone of narrative, direct order of words, complex sentences, brevity, conciseness, lack of individuality. Widely used special terminology, abbreviations, special vocabulary and phraseology. Another striking feature - a cliche.

The publicistic

Functional styles of the language are very peculiar. Publicistic is no exception. It is used in the media, in public periodicals, during political and judicial speeches. Most of his samples can be found in radio and television programs, in newspaper publications, in magazines, booklets, at rallies.

Publicism is designed for a broad audience, so there are rarely found special terms, and if they meet, they tend to explain in the same text. It exists not only in oral and written speech - it is also found in photography, cinematography, graphic and graphic, theatrical-dramaturgical and verbal-musical form.

The publicistic style of the language has two main functions: information and action. The first task is to convey facts to people. The second is to form the right impression, to influence the opinion of events. The information function requires reporting reliable and accurate data that is interesting not only to the author, but also to the reader. The acting is realized through the personal opinion of the author, his calls to action, as well as the way of submitting the material.

In addition to specific for this particular style, there are common features for the language in general: communicative, expressive and aesthetic.

Communicative function

Communication is the main and general task of language, which manifests itself in all its forms and styles. Absolutely all styles of language and speech styles carry a communicative function. In journalism the same texts and speeches are intended for a wide audience, feedback is realized through letters and calls of readers, public discussions, surveys. This requires that the text be understandable to readers and convenient for perception.

Expressive function

In the journalistic text one can see the personality of its author, who can express his attitude to events, share his point of view. In different genres the author has a different degree of freedom - emotionality is typical for a pamphlet or talk show, but is not welcomed in an information note or news release.

Expression should not go beyond reasonable limits - it is necessary to observe the norms of speech culture, and expression of emotions can not be the only task.

Aesthetic function

Of all the five styles of speech of the Russian language, this function is present only in two. In artistic texts, aesthetics play an important role, in journalism its role is much smaller. However, to read or listen to a well-designed, thought-out, harmonious text is much more pleasant. Therefore, it is desirable to pay attention to the aesthetic qualities in any of the genres.

Genres of Publicism

Inside the main style there are a lot of actively used genres:

• Oratorical speech;
• pamphlet;
• feature article;
• reportage;
• feuilleton;
• interview;
• Article and others.

Each of them finds application in certain situations: a pamphlet as a form of an artistic and journalistic work is usually directed against a particular party, a social phenomenon or a political system as a whole, a report is an operative and impartial message from the scene, an article is a genre by which the author Analyzes certain phenomena, facts and gives them their own assessment and interpretation.

Art style

All language styles and speech styles find their expression through the artistic. It conveys the feelings and thoughts of the author, affects the imagination of the reader. He uses all the means of other styles, all the diversity and richness of the language, characterized by imagery, emotionality, specificity of speech. Used in fiction.

An important feature of this style is aesthetics - here it is, unlike journalism, an indispensable element.

There are four types of artistic style:

• epic;
• lyrical;
• dramatic;
• combined.

Each of these genera has its own approach to the display of events. If we talk about the epic, then the main thing will be a detailed story about the subject or event, when the author himself or one of the characters will act as a narrator.

In the lyrical narrative, the emphasis is on the impression that the events left with the author. Here the main thing will be experiences, what happens in the inner world.

The dramatic approach depicts an object in action, shows it in the environment of other objects and events. The theory of these three genera belongs to VG Belinsky. In the "pure" form, each of these is rare. Recently, some authors have identified one more genus - a combined one.

In turn, the epic, lyrical, dramatic approaches to the description of events and subjects are divided into genres: a fairy tale, a story, a novel, a novel, an ode, a drama, a poem, a comedy and others.

The artistic style of the language has its own characteristics:

• A combination of language tools of other styles is used;
• Form, structure, language tools are selected in accordance with the idea and idea of the author;
• Use of special figures of speech, which add color and imagery to the text;
• Great value has an aesthetic function.

Tropes are widely used here (allegory, metaphor, comparison, synecdoche) and stylistic figures (silence, epithet, epiphany, hyperbole, metonymy).

Artistic image - style - language

The author of any work, not only literary, needs the means to contact the viewer or the reader. Each art form has its own means of communication. Here comes the trilogy - the artistic image, style, language.

The image is a generalized relation to the world and life, expressed by the artist with the help of the language he has chosen. This is a kind of universal category of creativity, a form of interpretation of the world through the creation of aesthetically active objects.

Artistic way is also called any phenomenon, recreated by the author in the work. Its meaning is revealed only in interaction with the reader or the viewer: what exactly the person will see, depends on his goals, personality, emotional state, culture and values, in which he is brought up.

The second element of the triad "image - style - language" refers to a special handwriting, characteristic only for this author or the era of a combination of ways and techniques. In art distinguish three different concepts - the style of the epoch (embraces a historical period of time, which was characterized by common features, for example, the Victorian era), national (it is understood as features common to a particular people, nations, for example, Japanese style) and individual We are talking about an artist whose work has special, not inherent in other qualities, for example, Picasso).

Language in any form of art is a system of pictorial means designed to serve the author's purposes in creating works, a tool for creating an artistic image. It allows communication between the creator and the audience, allows you to "draw" an image with those most unique style features.

Each type of creativity uses for its own means: painting - color, sculpture - volume, music - intonation, sound. Together they form a triunity of categories - an artistic image, style, language, help to approach the author and better understand what he created.

We must understand that, despite the differences between them, styles do not form separate, strictly closed systems. They are able and constantly interpenetrate each other: not only does the artistic language use the language tools of other styles, but also officially-business has many mutual points with the scientific (jurisdictional and legislative subspecies are similar in their terminology to similar scientific disciplines).

Business vocabulary penetrates into colloquial speech, and vice versa. Publicistic speech in oral and written form is closely intertwined with the sphere of colloquial and popular science styles.

Moreover, the modern state of the language is by no means something stable. Rather, it will be said that it is in a dynamic equilibrium. Constantly there are new concepts, the Russian dictionary is supplemented with expressions that come from other languages.

New forms of words are created with the help of existing ones. The rapid development of science and technology also actively contributes to the enrichment of the scientific style of speech. Many concepts from the field of artistic science fiction have migrated to the category of quite official terms that refer to certain processes and phenomena. And scientific concepts have entered ordinary speech.