What is the spelling minimum and what does it include? The spelling minimum of the Russian language

There is a common opinion that each person is required to have a certain (minimum or basic) amount of knowledge for each of the school subjects. Someone supports this position, and someone firmly insists that everyone has the right to choose what to study. One way or another there is a spelling minimum - something that is useful for every Russian speaking person. What it is, what this minimum is for, and how it can come in handy in the life of each of us - you will learn in this article. Also in this material are some of the most difficult to write spelling Russian.

Likbez for everyone

What is the spelling minimum, well-known citizens of the USSR. The Party obliged all adults of illiterate people to learn to write and read, because acquaintance with the agitation published in the press was a necessity for the accomplishment of the revolution. Thus, the level of education of the population was raised (albeit not fully). The orthographic minimum was studied in each locality, where illiterate inhabitants were more than 15 people. If there were more illiterates, then the school opened in the village (the drug center), in which children and adults were trained for several months. With the end of the training, the students who received the document could consider themselves literate people.

The spelling minimum in our days

For schoolchildren in our time, the question of knowledge of the orthographic minimum is also relevant, as for the peasants in the early twentieth century. All schoolchildren are obliged to pass state certification - single examinations in the ninth and eleventh grades. The spelling minimum of the Unified State Exam is what every student should know to successfully pass the exams, which in turn allows young people to enter colleges, professional technical schools, universities and other educational institutions. Minimal spelling rules contain textbooks, special collections, which offer students to learn complex words.

Technology of training

It is noteworthy that children are taught from the first class to knowledge of the spelling minimum. At the end of each textbook on the Russian language there is always a number of vocabulary words that are offered for memorizing students from the first to the fifth grade. In order to remember the basic rules of Russian spelling faster and more efficiently, teachers regularly conduct vocabulary and other types of dictation, verifying how students have accumulated knowledge. Usually, additional tasks are attached to such dictators.

USE: what should everyone know?

The orthographic minimum is a set of rules that allows people to write wisely. A literate writing essay - the most important part of the exam. Basic spelling rules that can be used by the compilers of the exam:

• Spelling of vowels and consonants in different parts of the word;
• Combined and separate spelling of words;
• Writing words through a hyphen;
• Rules for writing complex words;
• Transferring words from one line to another.

Each of the graduates should be ready for the fact that the structure of the USE exam in Russian is a solution of test tasks with an increasing level of complexity, as well as writing an essay-reasoning on the chosen topic with the argumentation, the source of which can be personal experience or literary works (the latter Preferably). Tasks of the first part include a spelling minimum. Determining the level of literacy is a simple process to test your readiness to write an exam, just a few hours of training a day.

For foreigners

What is a spelling minimum, it is useful to know every foreign citizen who wants to obtain Russian citizenship. Knowledge of the basic foundations of the Russian language is an obligatory criterion for citizenship. According to Russian legislation, a migrant must apply to the government body from the list of existing exams for the Russian language (these may be private specialized centers). After successfully passing the exam, the migrant receives a certificate. At the exam, it is necessary not only to know what a spelling minimum is, but also to master the basic foundations of the state system, the legislation of the Russian Federation, and also some aspects of the history of the country. "Exemption" from taking exams can be:

• Availability of a certificate of basic education obtained in one of the former Soviet republics;
• Availability of a certificate of education issued to a migrant in the Russian Federation based on the results of the state final certification.

Some spelling rules for consonants

Of course, all the rules of the Russian language can not be learned, because they have a huge number of all sorts of exceptions, which also need to be remembered. What is the spelling minimum, you can learn from specialized methodological collections.

Particular attention should be given to words with unpronounceable consonants, they are easiest to make a mistake if you do not use the method of the verification word. For example, the word "sun". In order not to forget to write an unpronounceable consonant "l", it is necessary to choose a test word - "sunny".

There are in Russian and such phenomena as voicing and stunning consonants. An example of the spelling rule "stunning consonant at the end of a word" can serve as the word "oak", if you pronounce it aloud, then you will hear du [n]. To check the spelling of this word, you need to put it in the plural form - "oaks". An example of voicing a consonant is the word "request". It is heard "about [z] ьba". To check the spelling, it is necessary to remember that there is a verb "to ask", in it the sound "c" is clearly heard. This word in this situation is a test word.

Spelling of Vowels in Russian

Doubts in writing often cause vowel sounds. Impudent can be easily verified by selecting a test word, but there are those words that are called vocabulary and are included in the spelling minimum of the Russian language, they must be taught from childhood.

Special attention should be paid to the alternating vowels in the roots of the words: "ber-bir", "der-dir", "ter-tir" and others. If there is a suffix "a" after the root, then the letter "and" should be written, and if not, "e". There are exceptions to this rule - the words "marriage", "word combination", "couple" and others.

Every literate person should know such orthograms as spelling of vowels at the end of adverbs (and also in suffixes) and prepositions. The most common mistake related to the spelling of vowels is to write them in prefixes "pre-" and "not-" "ni-". To understand what prefix to write in this or that case, knowledge of the meaning of this part of the word will help. Thus, the prefix "pri" denotes approximation, addition, or incompleteness of action. The prefix "pre-" can be used in the meaning "very" (beautiful - it means very beautiful), to denote the termination of an action, etc.

Split, split and hyphenated

The basic rule of the Russian language regarding the merging / separate writing of the service parts of speech (prepositions) and parts of the word is set out below.

Prepositions and other service parts of speech are written with words separately, for example, under the house.

Prefixes and suffixes are written together, because they are an integral part of the word - morpheme, for example, the word "pallet".

Particles are written through a hyphen with the words to which they refer. For example, "somehow"; "She's where to!".

Adverbs with a prefix "to", ending with "ohm", "him", "ski", "ki" are also written through a hyphen. Examples:

• differently;
• As before;
• like a friend;
• Foolishly.

Introductory words, which are written at the beginning of the sentence and are obsolete by commas, are also written through a hyphen. For example, "in the first place," "secondly," "thirdly."

Difficulties in writing often cause derivative prepositions. They can be written both together and separately with the prefix. For example, "keep in mind", "due to fire", etc. It is better to remember such words by heart. There are also prepositions, called "complex", they are written through a hyphen. For example, "because of the house there was a forest," "a kitten came out from under the fence."