Installation of lighting: instructions and basic rules

The organization of the lighting system provides for a wide range of technical operations. The scale of such activities depends on the nature of the project task - in particular, from the light coverage area, the number of light devices, their power, control method, etc. Since any lighting group in one form or another means interfacing with a wiring line, to perform such Special standards are envisaged. And the installation of lighting in a private house, and the installation of street lighting is carried out according to specific instructions.

General rules of installation work

Gas-discharge lamps, traditional incandescent lamps, luminescent and LED devices are allowed to be installed in the components of electrified lighting systems. In systems that are based on gas-discharge radiation elements, it is necessary to provide protective equipment - as a rule, this requirement concerns objects where radio interference is suspected. Sometimes combined lighting is allowed - that is, several groups of devices of different types are introduced into the lighting infrastructure.

The main power line with regard to the installation of general purpose lamps should have a voltage of not more than 380V. Limit value refers to industrial use, when the installation of electric lighting in three-phase networks. For home and street lighting, elements powered by 220V are more often used. Point models of lighting devices and illumination elements can have power supply with voltage characteristics of 127V and below. In this case, luminescent devices with a voltage in the spectrum of 127-220V are mounted at a level of not more than 2.5 m.

Installation instructions for emergency power supplies

Emergency power supply is mandatory for industrial lighting and for appliances that are planned to be operated in an open area. The rules require that such luminaires be provided with energy from separated independent sources. For example, dedicated lines can be connected to different transformers, and several converting stations can be connected to a single distribution source.

It should also be noted the need to separate the working lighting and evacuation. Under the working light is understood not only a set of devices in production, but also the communal infrastructure in ordinary residential buildings. Evacuation routes must have a separate power line from the entry point, which does not depend on the operating panel. In critical areas, lighting installation is carried out together with the installation of protective frames that insure against accidental damage. This applies to both production facilities and external lighting systems. If there are difficulties with the organization of separate power lines, you can use autonomous power sources in the form of internal or external batteries, as well as generator sets (on gasoline or diesel).

Installation and protection of lighting group

When drawing up a scheme for organizing a lighting network, it is necessary to adhere to the main rule, which eliminates the possibility of contact of power wires with elements of main lighting and lines providing the supply of other equipment. All wiring must be insulated - both outside the box and inside the luminaire.

If the installation of outdoor lighting is carried out, then additional insulation, moisture and wind protection are introduced into the supporting structure. Fixing of the cable to the main line is carried out with the distance from other points of connection and the passage of cable routes at least 2 cm. With regard to the installation of technical wiring evacuation and working lights, it is possible to use several phases. To do this, the trunking must be introduced into the infrastructure.

The installation of lighting systems and without electric protection is not bypassed, the choice of which will be determined by the characteristics of the starting currents, lamp powers, etc. The protective equipment is installed by groups in places that provide access for maintenance. If the lighting system is supplied from the distribution pipes, then the schemes of distributed installation can be used. In terms of restrictions on this part, it can be noted that the rules prohibit the use of automatic switches and switches, as well as fuses in the zero wire.

Network grounding

Qualitative grounding is carried out with the help of the appropriate wire while observing the rules of technical organization of this protection. In particular, the rules require pre-provision of a reliable electrical connection in the design of the lamp itself - for example, the gap from the lamp body to the fixing bracket should be neutralized by the protective conductor. The gasket of the circuit, through which the ground will pass, can touch not only the housing of the lighting device. Earthing wiring is often connected to the supporting structure on which the device is attached. For example, if lighting installation was based on metal poles or other structures, they should be connected to the housing by the same protective conductors. If portable light fixtures with a low voltage are used, the grounding is organized using a flexible wire conductor.

Installation rules for indoor lighting

Single lamps do not have to be provided with circuit breakers and fuses. If the matter concerns group circuits supplying devices with a current intensity up to 25 A, then the introduction of such equipment is mandatory. In addition, group lines with gas-discharge luminaires and incandescent lamps with a power from 42 to 125 V should be provided with releases of auto-switches or fuse-protective fuse-links. If in such networks it is planned to form branches of no more than 3 m in steel pipes, then additional protective equipment is not required.

At home, installation of lighting can be carried out based on the calculation that one phase will not have more than 20 lamps. At the same time, consumers should also consider sockets. An increase in the number of lamps is possible provided that low-power lamps are used - for lighting or spot lighting.

Installation rules for external lighting

One of the main parameters on which light engineering guides when organizing street light is the altitude. Thus, cable lights should be installed at a level not less than 6.5 m above the ground. Standard lighting of boulevards or pedestrian areas is carried out at a height of 3 m or more. If lawn appliances are used, then the height value does not matter. Group installation of street lighting also implies the possibility of installing a large number of devices per phase. In this case, the value exceeds 20 units, but only if the outline contours have their own circuit breakers or fuses.

Features of installation of load-bearing structures

Usually for the technical organization of street lighting, supports are used. At intersections of lines with roads and streets between supports, intervals of about 40 m are maintained. As the mounting armature, anchoring elements and double fastening of cables are used. The process of wiring and installation of lighting poles is carried out within the framework of a single event. After installing the structure, a cable line is introduced, and the pole is protected by a plinth. The plinth elements must have dimensions that allow them to place wiring cut-outs, fuses and a protection unit with access to maintenance.

Advertising lighting installation rules

The features of installing advertising lighting are determined by the type of instruments used. The most popular means of such illumination is a gas-light tube. Less common due to the high cost of LED multimedia panels, but their efficiency is much higher. Since the installation of such devices is carried out on the street, the rules require the use of transformers in metal insulated casings, which also have a secondary voltage of up to 13 kV. When installing lighting poles for the same advertising multimedia panels or tubular lighting structures, it should be borne in mind that current-carrying open elements should be removed from combustible materials by more than 5 cm. Transformer units for gas-light pipes should be installed near the instruments to be serviced, if possible, So that they do not have access to third parties.

Instructions for working with light fixtures

The auxiliary elements included in the infrastructure of the lighting system should, according to their characteristics, correspond both to the loads in the electrical circuit and to the external operating conditions. For example, in the case of places subject to vibrations, the fixing fixture is selected with the design of a structure that will not allow the luminaire components or work tools on the line to fall out or self-loosen. Without fail, the installation of LED lighting involves performing work with live cartridges of cartridges - usually screwed. On the lines with deadly neutral neutrals, the cartridges are connected not with a phase but with a zero conductor. However, this requirement does not apply to portable luminaires, which do not require zeroing and grounding.

Instructions for working with installation devices

To the fitting fittings, one can include switches, connectors, shields, adapters and switches. This equipment is also selected based on current characteristics and external operating conditions. There are special models for areas of high humidity, devices designed for use in explosive areas, etc. The basic operation for the installation of this equipment will be the installation of lighting panels, which provides for the attachment of a protected cabinet and the introduction of electrical devices in it. Further, the secondary fittings with boxes that can have protective blocks are open or hidden. If the devices are mounted with open wiring, then the liner should be provided from non-conductive materials - as a rule, their thickness does not exceed 1 cm.

Conclusion

In addition to the technical organization, the quality of the lighting systems will depend on the ergonomics of management, preventive maintenance and other operational factors. In particular, the installation of outdoor lighting is increasingly performed with integrated automation. To do this, use controllers with control systems for the general electrical infrastructure of the house. For indoor luminaires, single sensors and sensors are used, which make it possible to save users from unnecessary manipulations with the same switches. But these and other technical and operational solutions must be laid in advance at the planning stage of the system.