How to do overlapping? Types of overlapping

An obligatory element of the construction of any house or structure is the overlap. On this component of the building framework, both load-bearing and floor-dividing functions are assigned. Actually, due to overlapping, it is ensured the formation of a multi-storey building or the separation of the main space of the building and the attic. Builders use different materials to obtain suitable overlapping for specific tasks. Types of overlapping also differ in the type of designation, design and other operational parameters. To determine the design most appropriate to the project requirements, it is necessary to know the characteristics of existing types of overlapping, as well as the requirements for the force loads of this element.

Classification according to purpose

When choosing the type of overlapping, one should first of all start from its future application. As a rule, specialists identify three directions for using such elements.

1. The plinth. In this group include the types of floors of the house, which provide separation of premises in the lower part of the building. In this case, the structure is used, for example, to separate the first floor from the basement.
2. Inter-floor zone. The most common option, in which overlap is arranged between the floors.
3. Attic. Provision is made for the separation of the attic or the attic and living room.

In each case, overlapping overlapping functional tasks, which can depend on the location of the structure, and on the materials from which the other elements of the building are made. Based on these parameters, specific types of overlap are selected, capable of giving the "skeleton" of the house durability and durability. For example, in a private wooden cottage, a lightweight floor system can be used to equip the attic, and high-strength reinforced concrete structures can not be avoided in a multi-storey brick building.

Overlapping of monolithic type

One of the most difficult in the execution of floors, which also provides the highest strength of the building. Such structures are created on the basis of reinforced concrete by flooding technology. The first step is forming the formwork, for which the reinforcing bars corresponding to the design requirements are pre-selected. Then the concrete foundation is poured, the thickness of which can vary from 8 to 14 cm. The main advantage that almost all types of monolithic overlap is possessed by it is the possibility of imparting a future design to any form. This applies to the traditional options of reinforced concrete floors, and to monolithic-prefabricated systems, which, however, have some limitations.

Varieties of reinforced concrete floors

Due to their technical qualities and performance characteristics, reinforced concrete structures are quite popular in construction. Also, their prevalence is facilitated by a simple, albeit labor-intensive, manufacturing technique. Considering the types of reinforced concrete floors, it is immediately worth noting that they are all divided into factory and executed directly on the construction site products.

Ready-made floors are more often used in the construction of cottages. Since the reinforced concrete itself has a rather large mass, without the use of truck cranes, its installation is simply impossible. For this reason, it is recommended to mount directly from the wheels. That is, the special machinery delivers the plates and installs them in place. If you choose the way of self-manufacturing of such boards, you should take care of the workplace (solid metal or board surface) and consumables, which are usually also of factory origin.

The modern "filigran" type plate also includes reinforced concrete floors. The types of overlapping of this family are distinguished by the presence in the structure of metal factory plates, the thickness of which does not exceed 6 cm. The base of reinforcing bars is integrated into the prepared formwork, after which it is poured with a concrete mixture.

Often-brushed overlapping

This option is often used in the construction of small private houses. The structure of the often-bridged overlap is based on the beams and hollow blocks, which fill the free space between the frame elements. The most common prefabricated types of ceilings, the installation of which is to install elements on the previously prepared site and create a concrete screed. Among the merits of the chubby models are their refractory properties, rather high reliability, noise absorption, as well as the possibility of installation without the use of special equipment.

It should be noted that overlapping, performed from reinforced concrete slabs of prefabricated type, has similar qualities. Their installation is usually not particularly difficult, but in some cases it still requires the use of trucks and cranes.

Beam ceilings

Usually wooden beams are used. With their help create overlapping in brick and wooden structures. The structure is the basis of the laid beams and plank floor, which in the future will be used for decorative coating. Traditional types of wooden floors provide a scheme for forming connections between the boards by means of grooves. The beams used can have the following dimensions: 10-20 cm in width, up to 40 cm in height and up to 15 cm in length.

Despite the fact that the construction is made of wood, the pitch between the carriers can be up to 150 cm. A flexible design of the beams makes it possible to lay noise insulation material in it . Wooden floors are also convenient in decorative decoration. On the upper side, almost any covering can be laid on them, and from the lower side you can install a false ceiling.

Types of beams

For wooden floors, beams of two types can be used. These are elements from a solid wood massif or glued products. In the production of the first usually apply rigid varieties of trees. It is important to take into account that in inter-floor systems, solid elements can be used only if the length of the room is not more than 5 m. Glued beams overlap allows for wider application, because the technology of their manufacture gives the material a higher strength.

In addition, glued beams can be produced with a length exceeding any analogues from a solid wood massif. In practice, the elements of this type are capable of withstanding heavy loads and span spans of up to 20 m in length. It is important to note the aesthetic appearance of the glued beams, which eliminates the need for special treatment after installation.

Overlap plates

To ensure the inter-floor partition is an ideal option - the main thing is to determine the choice of a particular type of construction. At present, the following types of floor slabs are suitable, suitable for different construction purposes.

1. Ribbed. Due to its unique profile, they are able to cope well with bending loads. Usually used in the arrangement of attics and cellars.
2. Hollow. The advantages of such overlappings include high heat and sound insulation, as well as light weight, which allows them to be used in buildings for different purposes.
3. Monolithic. Have the greatest strength, which determined their main direction of use - in high-rise buildings.
4. Continuous. Due to their high bearing capacity, these floors are successfully used in the construction of industrial facilities.

Klein overlap

This kind of overlapping is not so common in Russia as the same monolithic reinforced concrete slabs, but earlier its representatives enjoyed popularity among developers, and today there are many adherents of this technology. The construction of Kane can be included in the types of overlapping buildings based on beams. Only in this case, not wooden but steel I-elements are used, the height of which can be from 8 to 24 cm. The laying of beams is carried out at a distance from each other to about 160 cm. On the lower level, it is supposed to create a support for the slab formed by ceramic brick. The slab is also reinforced with metal strips or rods, the thickness of which varies from 0.6 to 0.8 cm. If necessary, the bearing capacity of such a structure is increased by strengthening brick filling or I-beams.

Monolithic overlap installation

Ready-made floors based on concrete products have the appearance of a solid plate up to 15 cm thick. As the bearing components of the structure, the same metal beams act : channel elements or I-beams. With their help, it is possible to cover spans with long distances - even in them high strength will be provided, as well as protection against fire and decay processes, which almost all concrete ceilings possess. Types of overlaps on a wooden base in this lose to reinforced concrete analogues, although with proper processing they serve for a long time.

Throughout the perimeter of the site for the ceiling, it is necessary to arrange a wooden formwork. It will later act as a kind of "bottom" of the design. The formwork is made of plywood sheets that are placed under racks, tripods, iron and wooden beams. On the metal base, it is necessary to lay a reinforced frame, in which rods were used, with an approximate thickness of 1 cm. Then the prepared structure should be poured with concrete. Preferably use the brand M200. The overlap made in this way will be characterized by a high degree of strength and durability.

Mounting of prefabricated-monolithic floors

Prefabricated-monolithic construction is formed by the corresponding types of floor slabs and reinforced concrete beams. For the construction of such an overlap, it is necessary to cover a board covering on the span, which will perform the function of a supporting structure for beams. Installation is carried out on the walls, with hollow blocks between the beams. Next, the frame is reinforced and poured with cement mortar. Concrete milk will impregnate the pores of the blocks and form an integral structure of hollow elements and metal beams. Such overlapping meets modern standards, in accordance with which houses are built. In particular, they provide strength, sound insulation and durability, while remaining an inexpensive way of the device overlap.

Repair and reinforcement of the floor

In this case, repair operations involve the replacement or reinforcement of individual pieces of overlap. Types of overlap, based on the beams, are most located to the possibilities of technical strengthening of the structure. Work begins with the installation of racks, which later serve as supports. Strengthening of wooden floors usually involves the replacement of beams by analogs with a large cross-section or an increase in their number. The need for repair of reinforced concrete structures, as a rule, arises from the appearance of traces of rust. Concrete is repulsed around the affected areas, after which the bare reinforcement is painted with anti-corrosion coatings. Next is the restoration of the previous state of overlap.