Endocrine organs. Thyroid. Types of pathologies. Disease of the pancreas

The thyroid gland produces hormones that affect growth, reproduction, tissue differentiation, and metabolism. There is it in vertebrates, including humans.

Classification of diseases of the thyroid gland.

1. Congenital anomalies (ectopia, hypoplasia, aplasia).
2. Endemic goiter.

By function: hyperthyroid, euthyroid, hypothyroid.

In form: diffuse, mixed, nodular.

3. The sporadic goiter.

By function: hyperthyroid, euthyroid, hypothyroid.

In form: diffuse, mixed, nodular.

4. Goiter diffuse toxic.

Depending on the severity of thyrotoxicosis: light, medium, heavy.

5. Hypothyroidism.

Depending on the degree of severity: heavy (myxedema), medium, light.

6. Inflammatory diseases:

- chronic lymphomatous thyroiditis (autoimmune, Hashimoto);

- subacute thyroiditis;

- an acute thyroiditis ;

- Fibrous thyroiditis (Riedel);

- rare pathologies of a specific nature (syphilis, tuberculosis).

7. Damage:

- Closed;

- open.

8. Malignant neoplasms.

Pancreas. Histology.

This organ of the digestive system has endocrine and exocrine functions. The pancreas is histologically an alveolar-tubular complex gland. Cellular tubular formations (islets of Langerhans) are located between the alveoli. They are the body of internal secretion that secretes the hormone insulin.

The secretory function in the pancreas is influenced by the hormones of parathyroid and thyroid glands, as well as by the adrenal glands.

The organ is involved in the production of certain polypeptide hormones that enter the blood. This process is carried out by cells in pancreatic islets.

The external secretory function in the pancreas is secreted into the duodenum. It contains a complex of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of all major food polymers. The main ones are a-amylase, lipase, chymotrypsin and trypsin.

Functional disorders in the pancreas are largely due to the influence of the central nervous system. Different stressful situations, in particular, regularly recurring, are often accompanied by increased sosotdeleniem, and prolonged states of depression - its oppression.

Processes of a dystrophic nature are noted in metabolic disorders. The most characteristic is a lesion in the pancreas against the background of hemochromatosis.

Disorders in the circulation of a chronic nature combine pathological changes in the arterial and venous blood flow.

The most common inflammation of the pancreas is pancreatitis. The most common is the chronic and acute form of the disease.

Lesions in the pancreas can be caused by diffuse connective tissue diseases.

Nodular periarteritis provokes disturbances in the vessels of the organ. The clinical picture is similar to that of chronic or acute pancreatitis.

Tuberculosis of the body is extremely rare. This disease of the pancreas can develop as a result of the penetration of mycobacteria by lymphogenous, contact (from nearby organs) or hematogenous way.

Defeat of syphilis can be both acquired and inherent in nature. In the first case, the disease of the pancreas is rare and proceeds in accordance with the morphological features in three forms. They include edematous-infiltrative (with secondary syphilis), gummy and specific form of sclerotic pancreatitis.

The cyst is rarely detected. This pancreatic disease affects the parenchyma of the organ or its surrounding tissues.