Emergency care for anaphylactic shock

The critical state of the organism that occurs when an allergen is exposed and is accompanied by a disruption in the functioning of vital body systems is called anaphylactic shock. This acute or even lightning-fast reaction to an allergen is manifested by a drop in blood pressure, a violation of consciousness, a malfunction of the central nervous system, an ICE syndrome, and spasm of the smooth muscles of the internal organs. Therefore, you need to know that a properly rendered emergency care for anaphylactic shock can save a person's life. In order to make the algorithm of treatment, it is necessary to know the causes and pathogenesis of the shock state.

Causes of the disease

To such a severe reaction of the body leads the introduction of drugs, the bite of poisonous insects or snakes, the conduct of diagnostic medical manipulations with the introduction of contrast agents. Significantly less anaphylactic reaction develops on food. In the first place among the causative factors are medicines. These are, first of all, antibiotics, vaccines, blood products, protein preparations, immunoglobulins, hormones. Especially quickly, anaphylactic shock occurs with parenteral administration of the drug, rather than when it is ingested. The fastest (instantaneous) shock reaction occurs when intravenously administered. In other cases, the body's response to the allergen develops within one hour. The severity of the condition depends on the speed of the reaction of the body. Therefore, emergency care for anaphylactic shock should be provided immediately, otherwise death may occur. The older the person, the greater the risk of developing allergies, although anaphylactic condition can be observed in children.

Clinical manifestations of the disease

The initial symptoms are a feeling of anxiety, the appearance of a headache or dizziness, ringing in the ears, the appearance of cold and sticky sweat. Also, at the site of injection of the drug or a bite, severe itching and manifestations of urticaria (edema and eruption) are often observed. Further, dyspnoea, chest pain, dry coughing, which occurs due to a spasm of the respiratory muscles, is added. Often there is a digestive disorder in the form of vomiting and loose stools, cramping pains in the abdomen. In severe cases, blood pressure drops, a person loses consciousness, and convulsions may appear.

Emergency care for anaphylactic shock consists, first of all, in the correct evaluation of the severity of the condition, identifying the cause of the allergic reaction and the correct phased treatment. When examining a person, attention is drawn to pale and cold to the touch skin, acrocyanosis, impaired consciousness. The pulse is frequent and barely perceptible. The pressure is sharply reduced. Diagnosis of shock is difficult with loss of consciousness and the absence of other signs of allergy. When there is no proper help, irreversible changes in the organs begin, and death occurs within the first half hour. Late complications can also appear, which are manifested by pathological processes in the kidneys, heart, brain and other organs. Because of this, a patient who has had an anaphylactic reaction should remain under medical supervision for at least two weeks.

Treatment of anaphylactic shock

Even in spite of the rarity of the development of an anaphylactic reaction, the medical personnel must know the basic measures necessary to stop the allergic reaction and maintain the vital activity of the organism. In any medical institution or feldshersko-midwife point there is a set for first aid with the necessary medicines in this situation. Emergency care for anaphylactic shock is the immediate cessation of the administration of the drug when the first signs of an allergic reaction appear. If the reaction develops as a result of parenteral administration of the substance or after a bite, the injection site should be punctured with 0.5 ml of epinephrine solution. The same amount of the drug is administered subcutaneously. If there is a loss of consciousness with cardiac arrest, adrenaline is injected intravenously, diluting it with a solution of glucose. To restore the normal volume of circulating blood, simultaneous infusion therapy with the introduction of saline solutions, poly- and reopoliglyukin, glucose with the addition of glucocorticosteroids. Further, an antihistamine drug (tavegil, suprastin, etc.), calcium preparations is necessarily introduced. Sedative and anticonvulsant drugs, heparin, are prescribed. When there is a spasm of the respiratory muscles, it is advisable to appoint euphyllin. The pressure should be maintained at a level not less than 110/70 mm. Gt; To maintain blood flow in vital organs. For this, infusion is administered by hormones, caffeine, cordiamine and glucose with insulin. Emergency care for anaphylactic shock in children includes similar therapeutic measures, but at the appropriate age, the dosage of drugs.

In the event of stopping breathing and heartbeat, the patient is transferred to auxiliary pulmonary ventilation and provided with resuscitation measures.

It must always be remembered that a successful outcome depends on timely medical care.