Diagnosis of preschool children: methods, tests (examples)

Testing of preschool children by different methods is carried out in kindergartens, and before entering school. Tests for preschool children help to learn about the child a lot of useful information, which in the future will help to identify shortcomings in education and training; Psychological factors that can prevent a child from developing normally; Features that you should pay attention to when entering school and further training.

Testing became mandatory in most educational institutions. The educational process changes all the time, corrections are made, the educational plan is complicated or simplified, the schools switch to special forms of education. All this requires the child's efforts, the ability to adapt. And parents are not always able to provide their children with qualified assistance in this matter, even if only because they do not know what exactly to help. It is for this that there are tests for preschoolers.

In this article, we will analyze the types of diagnostics that all these tests can tell us about our children, what should be paid special attention and what advice to listen to.

What is the diagnosis of preschool children?

Diagnosis of preschool children, methods of various types and directions introduced everywhere, starting with admission to kindergarten. They represent a kind of testing. Different techniques operate in different ways, but they have one common property. All of them help parents and educators understand the emotional and psychological state of the child, determine its readiness for school or kindergarten, the level of knowledge, intelligence and much more.

For example, some tests may show a particular predisposition of the future student to certain subjects. Then it makes sense to give the child to a specialized school with an emphasis on foreign languages, mathematics, linguistics, computer science and so on. In case if testing shows insufficient luggage of knowledge and skills, it is always possible to prepare in advance for entering an educational institution and catch up for some reason.

Also, testing helps to understand interpersonal relationships, complexes, problems in the family, various psychological deviations from the norm, find ways to solve the problem and, what is especially important, the root cause of the violation.

Below are some particularly popular diagnostic techniques for different target areas.

Psychological readiness for school

Diagnosis of preschool children, methods of checking the readiness for school is a very important moment when entering an educational institution. It is noted that all children develop in their own way, with their speed and zeal. Some parents believe that the sooner a child goes to school, the faster and better will develop. Remembering their own experience, people often regret that they did not go to school earlier for a year or even two, since there is a sense of wasted time. However, such a statement of the question does not always correspond to reality. Children may simply not be ready for the schooling process. By the time of admission to the school, certain qualities should appear, without which the study will be given quite hard. For example, perseverance, curiosity, the ability to remember and analyze incoming information.

In order to assess the readiness for training, there is a diagnosis of preschool children. The following methods are proposed:

• The Kern-Yerasek test is the most extensive test, affecting many aspects of a child's development.
• "Dice mice tails" and "Dorisuy handles umbrellas" - the test helps to determine how developed the fine motor skills of the hands.
• Interpretation of proverbs - helps to see the development of thinking and the ability to explain phenomena in their own words.

Diagnosis of the cognitive sphere and attention

For the learning process, it is very important to consider the degree of child care. Diagnostics of preschool children, methods of determining care is wide enough and in the range are widespread in the pedagogical environment. Tasks of various content on this topic are many, and they are all effective and revealing.

To determine the attentiveness, the following tests for children of 5 years are used: "Find and delete", "Correction test", "Triangles". In the first test the child is given a sheet with various geometric figures drawn on it . For a certain period of time it is necessary to cross out the figures of a certain type in a special way. At the end of the session, the total is calculated using the formula:

• S = (0.5N - 2.8n): t, where
  
  S is the end result, that is, the child's assiduity and susceptibility coefficient,
  N - number of viewed figures,
  N is the number of errors,
  T - the time of the work.

At "Correction trial" on the sheet are printed letters. The child should cross out the three named teachers in each line.

"Triangle" requires a preschooler to draw a certain type of this figure on each line. The psychologist records the errors and the time of the work, on the basis of which he then announces the result.

Such tests include graphic dictation on cells for preschoolers. A child dictates drawing lines and figures, located in a special way, set by the teacher, in an image.

Diagnostics of mathematical development

Mathematics for a schoolboy is not only a discipline. A developed mathematical mindset allows a child to analyze incoming information, to absorb it much more quickly, and also to apply it in practice. Therefore, the diagnosis of preschool children, whose methods of mathematical development are an integral part, is necessarily conducted in educational institutions of different levels of training.

Among the game diagnostics distinguish such as "Find the same", "Gather the beads", "Gather the picture". At this stage, it is important to find out how much the child is able to make a general picture from different fragments, to find the similarity of objects, to match color, size and geometric shapes.

Diagnostics of the emotional sphere of preschool children: methods

A stable emotional and psychological state is the guarantee of productive learning, rapid development in an unfamiliar environment, the ability to self-realization and the construction of social ties. In the process of teaching at school or kindergarten, the child acquires not only knowledge of the world around him in the course of studying specific disciplines, but also learns to recognize his own personality, its position in the society, and contact people (peers and teachers).

Diagnosis of the emotional sphere of preschoolers of the method is quite diverse. Their goal is to find out the child's self-positioning in the surrounding world and society, as well as finding ways to correct possible complexes and failures. Diagnosis of younger preschoolers is carried out by the following methods:

• Role - the child is invited to accept and lose a certain role (animal, family members, inanimate objects, fairy-tale characters).
• Psycho-gynecological games - in the process of such games, the children form their own name and character traits, the ability to self-knowledge.
• Communicative games - these games help children learn to verbalize their attitude to surrounding people, express their own opinions and needs, provide support, contact with the surrounding society.

Intellect and Intellectual Development

Diagnosis of preschoolers can take place in several ways and testing. Some relate exclusively to the ability to concentrate, others reflect the freedom of imagination and imagination, others show the ability to compare and so on. Methods for diagnosing older preschool children are designed, first of all, to show the child's readiness to enter school, and also to eliminate the fastest possible pathways in the education and understanding of the world around him. Before graduation from kindergarten with preschool children, the following classes are often held:

• "Sculpture" . This test shows how well-developed the child has visually-effective, visual-figurative, verbal-logical types of thinking. The task is that the child is offered to sculpt a sculpture out of plasticine for 5-10 minutes. For the result is exposed from 0 to 10 points:
  0-1 - respectively, if the child could not think of what he would sculpt for the time allotted for the task;
  2-3 points are displayed for the simplest forms (a ball, a cube, a bar and so on);
  4-5 points - a simple hand-crafted article with a small amount of details;
  6-7 points - an unusual piece of art, but without much use of fantasy;
  8-9 - the sculpture is original, with a sufficient number of fragments, but not completely worked out;
  10 points - all the above conditions are met.
• "Learn the shapes . " This technique reflects the development of the type of memory responsible for recognition. This species develops at the earliest age and is responsible for the further development of the ability to assimilate and store information.

Interpersonal relationships

No person can be formed in isolation. For a person, the social environment is important, and even for a small person - even more so. In the process of their growth, children contact parents, relatives, peers, older and younger children, teachers, coaches and so on. All these relations influence the formation of the personality and its qualities. The future of the child directly depends on his society and environment. In order to determine how beneficial the public relations are, there are special tests for children 5 years and older.

One of the most famous and often used is the Children's Apperceptive Test by Bellak. With the help of this research, it is possible to identify the leading motives and needs of the child, how the child perceives and refers to their parents (including in terms of a couple), the characteristics of relationships with other people, identify intrapersonal conflicts, determine the work of protective psychological mechanisms, Phobias, mental disorders, help cope with their negative consequences.

A. L. Wenger: contribution to the diagnosis of development of school children

Leonid Abramovich Wenger is one of the most outstanding Russian and Soviet psychologists who devoted their lives to researching the psychological development of preschoolers. Most modern tests somehow refer to the work that was once conducted by AL Wenger. The Doctor of Sciences examined the peculiarities of the development of perception of the surrounding world and sensory education of young children. Based on these data, he created the first methods of diagnosing the development of preschool children. Based on his research, the programs "Development" and "Gifted Child" were created.

These techniques are used throughout Russia's kindergartens. They are involved in the training of children to use and independently create a wide variety of schemes, plans, drawings. The result is the formation of specific imagery.

One of the most used of his tests is drawing. Diagnosis of the abilities of preschool children is determined on the basis of the features of the person's drawings made by them, existing and fictitious animals, and dynamic images of the family. According to the drawings, it is possible to determine the correspondence of the child's worldview to the actual age, to reveal social roles and dominant personalities from the environment and in the family, to identify serious mental disorders, depression, fears, and so on.

Diagnosis of speech development in preschool children

Diagnosis of preschoolers' speech is an important moment for any child, determining his admission to educational institutions and the ability to communicate productively with the world. How well he will master the ability to articulate his thoughts and understand speech, will depend on how correctly people around him (including teachers) understand it, and how well the information is learned from outside.

If the graphic dictation for cells for preschool children reflects how developed care and concentration in the child, then for the diagnosis of oral speech requires their own methods, mostly verbal.

Different tests are used for different age groups, which is quite natural. During the various stages of growing up, the child must master all the new abilities, the bar of testing should be raised in accordance with the requirements for age.

So, for the age group from three to six years old they use the technique "Vocabulary mobility". This technique contains about six tasks of different directions and reflects the volume of the vocabulary. In addition, it shows how much a child can use familiar vocabulary in everyday life and various situations that require an instant reaction.

For the older age group , more complex tests are used, showing the level of speech development, the productivity of associations, the ability to comprehend situations on the basis of visual and auditory perception. These tests include the method of Ebbinghaus. In the tasks of this test method there are such as "Insert missed words", "Arrange points and commas", retell the heard text fragment, retell the read material, compose sentences from a given set of words, describe what is happening on dynamic pictures, the ratio of various syntactic forms of sentences to pictures , Reflecting their meaning, and so on.

Professional self-determination

Increasingly, in modern kindergartens and schools, vocational testing is conducted at the age of five to eight years. The need for this testing is discussed regularly. Techniques have their supporters and, of course, opponents. However, this testing was introduced for a reason.

The modern model of education is increasingly trying to make the training program compact and highly specialized. There are fewer and fewer articles becoming compulsory, they are increasingly turning into the status of electives and additional classes. Therefore, self-determination in professional terms at such an early age, according to many experts of the educational environment, is a reasonable saving of money and time. Specialized tests help you to find out especially pronounced aspects of character and mentality, hobbies, habits, occupations that bring the most pleasant sensations, and then help to choose a future profession based on the received data.

Sometimes a child can not decide on his own interests and desires, in this case, such a test can tell him what he can do in his spare time, on what circles or trainings to enroll, what subjects to study with a tutor in additional classes. But to limit the preschooler results of the test should not be. No matter how the approved system of education changes, the development for the formation of the personality requires a comprehensive and full-fledged. Such a test can help to determine the vital hobbies, but certainly should not cut back on the amount of information required for the harmonious development of a small person.