Basic principles of Russian orthography

The principles of Russian orthography are a kind of set of rules and regulations that are the foundation for the whole system of the Russian language. Each principle is based on a set of rules. It is this set of rules that links the principle to actual phenomena in the language.

The basic principles of Russian spelling have four directions: morphological, traditional, phonetic and differential. We will become acquainted with each of the directions in more detail.

Morphological direction is based on the requirement of identical writing morphemes. The prefixes, roots and suffixes of homogeneous words act as morphemes. Its essence can be defined in a different way. Morphemes retain their structure on the letter, regardless of pronunciation, which, based on different phonetic conditions, can sound quite differently. This principle is based on spelling. There is a definite connection between morphemes and pronunciation. It manifests itself in the form of a letter for each individual sound in different locations. So, for example, vowels can be pronounced in a completely different way depending on the stress, consonants change their sound, being near vowels or sonorous consonants. Thus, regardless of sound, the morphemes of the same word form remain unchanged.

A huge variety of language and a wide range of sound and letter combinations makes the morphological direction the most valuable of all others. It allows you to learn the grammar and spelling of the language without much difficulty.

In addition, the principles of Russian spelling suggest a phonetic direction, which is especially popular among students. It is based on the fact that the verbal pronunciation of the word must fully correspond to writing. It is thanks to this principle in the Russian language appeared the alternation of letters within the same morpheme.

The traditional direction is based on the writing of words, which is fixed by the established norms and rules, regardless of pronunciation and other factors. Examples are words that came to Russian speech from other cultures and languages that do not comply with the rules for doubling vowels and do not follow the rules of verification. Also this direction is based on the big difference between the sound of the word and the written version. All other principles of Russian spelling can be studied, but words that obey this principle must be remembered.

The differentiating principle of writing is based on the need to separate the semantic load of words, depending on their writing. At first glance, the same word can carry different meanings. Change of one of the letters allows you to distribute the word forms between the semantic loads.

The principles of Russian orthography and punctuation are formed on the basis of all existing rules in the Russian language, and constitute the foundation for a competent presentation of speech on paper. The whole language consists of a set of basic principles, the most significant of which is the morphological one.

An important component of speech is the principles of Russian spelling of an auxiliary character. These include the principles of doubling consonants, the principles of merging and separate writing of prepositions, as well as principles that combine rules for using a hyphen. It can be concluded that a wide range of spelling principles determined the diversity of the Russian language. The exception is the words of foreign origin, which do not obey the rules, and for their correct writing they are worth remembering. It is thanks to a variety of principles and rules that Russian speech is one of the most melodious.