What are the suffixes in Russian?

Suffixes perform a very important role in Russian. With their help not only new words are formed, but also grammatical forms, and they also serve to convey the emotional component of speech. That is why it is necessary to know what are the suffixes and what they are used for.

What is a suffix?

The suffix is the morpheme standing behind the root. Sometimes there are cases when the suffix is behind the ending. In this case it is called "postfix". First of all, this applies to the morpheme -ya - / - cb-: wash (ending -yu, postfix -ya-), collect, flaunt and others.

The main function of the suffix is the formation of new words, but there are times when this morpheme plays a formative role. Quite a lot in the language and suffixes of expressive and emotional coloring.

This morpheme is so numerous that it begins to be studied at school from the initial classes. What are the suffixes in Russian, the 2nd class is already in the middle of the year.

By this morpheme it is easy to find out which part of the speech is before us. So, thanks to the specific -yyy / -yas and -asch - / - mysh-we understand that before us the sacrament, and-unequivocally says that the word under consideration is the gerund. Let us first consider these morphemes in terms of purpose, and then we will talk about belonging to any part of speech.

A word can exist without a suffix, but it gives the token a special meaning. It is also not uncommon for reverse cases when there are two or even three suffixes. So in the word of their teaching there are two: -the- and -st-, and in the word "teach" three: the two previous ones were added a verb-ovah.

What are the functions?

Consider what are the suffixes in terms of their functionality.

1. Form-forming. These are those who participate in the formation of the forms of the same word. Their distinctive feature is that these morphemes along with the ending of the word are not included in its basis. For example, the past tense has a characteristic suffix -l-: wiped, cooked, read. In addition, some linguists consider -t- in the infinitive also a form-building suffix. Recall that when studying the question of what are the suffixes in the Russian language (grade 3), the schoolchildren present it as an ending. Also, if we interpret the participle and the verbal participle as verbal forms (the linguists do not have an unambiguous answer to this question), the suffixes of these words stand out as formative and do not enter into the basis: thinking, thinking, persecuted (the morphemes of the real participle- yusch-, gerund- Passive participle-im-). To inflectionary are also suffixes of comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs (stronger, deeper).
2. Formative. These morphemes are more common: they are used when new words arise. Most often they participate in the formation of nouns and adjectives. And with the help of this morpheme, the word of the same part of speech and the other can appear. For example, the words "forest", "forester", "forest." The first noun was formed with the suffix -nik-, the second word, the adjective, with the suffix -n-. Sometimes verbs are formed in a suffix way: consider - think over. Here, in the formation of the imperfective verb, the suffix -õiva- was used.

Shades of values

Also, suffixes can be subdivided depending on which hue values are passed. It's no secret that the root of the main meaning is the root. The suffix only clarifies, makes the word more expressive. Let's analyze what are the suffixes from this point of view and the values they convey:

• Diminutive-caressing: a table-table; Ram-lamb; Handsome - handsome; Child - baby.
• Magnificent: boots, hands, fist, gigantic.
• Young animals: duckling, calf, kitten, elephant.
• Designation of belonging to any profession: saleswoman, crane operator, barmaid; Also the locality: Siberian, St. Petersburg, Muscovite, Southerner; Nationality: Ukrainian, Georgian, German, Finnish.
• Subjective attitude to the subject or person: thief, malyavka, cunning, greedy, laughing.

Suffixes of nouns

In the secondary school they begin to study morphology in detail, therefore, for each part of speech they determine what are the suffixes in Russian (grade 5). Let us analyze this morpheme from this point of view. We will cite as an example only the most characteristic suffixes, according to which one can unequivocally say about their morphological affiliation.

Suffixes of nouns:

Adjective suffixes

Now let's talk, what are the suffixes of adjectives. This, perhaps, is the richest part of speech on these morphemes.

Vertex suffixes

What are the suffixes of verbs in Russian? Most often form-building (we wrote about them earlier). However, there are some who are endowed with certain meanings. So -ova - / -yva-tells us that the action has not ended, but is in the process (planning, fantasizing, courting) - it's all the imperfective verbs.

Suffixes -ya - / - cb- although they form a reflexive verb, are not inflectional. They are based entirely on the basis.

Suffixes of pronouns

The last thing left to talk about - what are the suffixes of pronouns. There are only three of them: something, or something. All of them are written through a hyphen and participate in the formation of indefinite pronouns: somebody, some, something.