Academician Pavlov: biography, scientific works

Ivan P. Pavlov is a Nobel laureate and a recognized scientific authority worldwide. Being a talented scientist, he made a significant contribution to the development of psychology and physiology. It is he who is considered the founder of such a scientific direction as higher nervous activity. He made a number of major discoveries in the field of digestive regulation, and also founded a physiological school in Russia.

Parents

Biography of Ivan Pavlovich Pavlov begins in 1849. It was then that the future academician was born in the city of Ryazan. His father, Pyotr Dmitrievich, came from a peasant family and worked as a priest in one of the small parishes. Independent and truthful, he constantly conflicted with his superiors, that's why he did not live well. Pyotr Dmitrievich loved life, had good health and adored to work in the garden and garden.

Varvara Ivanovna, mother of Ivan, came from a spiritual family. In her younger years she was cheerful, cheerful and healthy. But the frequent delivery (in the family there were 10 children) severely undermined her well-being. Varvara Ivanovna had no education, but hard work and a natural mind turned her into a skilled teacher of her children.

Childhood

The future academician Pavlov Ivan was the first-born in the family. Children's years left an indelible mark in his memory. In his mature years, he recalled: "I remember very clearly my first visit to the house. It's amazing that I was only a year old, and the nanny was carrying me in my arms. For the fact that I remember myself early, says another vivid memory. When my mother's brother was buried, they took me to say farewell to him. This scene still stands before my eyes. "

Ivan grew up fervent and healthy. He willingly played with sisters and younger brothers. He also helped his mother (in household chores) and his father (when building a house and a vegetable garden). His sister LP Andreeva told about this period of life: "Ivan always remembered his father with gratitude. He was able to instill in him the habit of work, accuracy, accuracy and order in everything. Our mother had lodgers. Being a hard worker, she tried to do everything herself. But all the children worshiped her and tried to help: bring water, stove the stove, chop firewood. All this had to do with little Ivan. "

School and trauma

He began to study the diploma from the age of 8, but only got into school at 11. It was all to the fault: one day the boy laid out apples on the platform for drying. Stumbling, he broke off the stairs and fell directly on the stone floor. The bruise was quite strong, and Ivan fell ill. The boy turned pale, lost weight, lost his appetite and began to sleep badly. Parents tried to cure him at home, but nothing helped. One day a hegumen of the Trinity Monastery arrived to visit Pavlov. When he saw the sickly boy, he took him to his room. Enhanced nutrition, clean air and regular gymnastics brought Ivan back to strength and health. The guardian was an intelligent, kind and highly educated man. He led an ascetic life and read a lot. These qualities made a strong impression on the boy. The first book, which Academician Pavlov received in his youth from the hegumen, was the fables of IA Krylov. The boy learned it by heart and carried the love to the fabulist throughout his life. This book always lay on the scientist's desk.

Seminary Training

In 1864, under the influence of the guardian, Ivan entered the theological seminary. There he immediately became the best student, and even helped his comrades as a tutor. Years of training introduced Ivan to the works of such Russian thinkers as DI Pisarev, NA Dobrolyubov, VG Belinsky, AI Herzen, NG Chernyshevsky, etc. The young liked their desire to fight For freedom and progressive changes in society. But over time, his interests shifted to natural science. And here a huge influence on the formation of Pavlov's scientific interests was provided by IM Sechenov's monograph "Reflexes of the Brain". After the end of the sixth grade of the seminary, the young man realized that he did not want to make a spiritual career, and began preparing for the entrance examinations to the university.

Studying at the University

In 1870 Pavlov moved to Petersburg with the desire to enter the Physics and Mathematics Department. But it turned out to pass to the legal. The reason for this - the restriction of seminarians in terms of choice of professions. Ivan applied with a petition to the rector, and two weeks later he was transferred to the physics and mathematics department. The young man studied very successfully and received the highest scholarship (imperial).

Over time, Ivan became more and more fond of physiology and from the third year he devoted himself entirely to this science. He made the final choice under the influence of Professor I. Zion - a talented scientist, a brilliant lecturer and skilful experimenter. That's how Academician Pavlov remembered that period of his biography: "As the main specialty, I chose the physiology of animals, and additional - chemistry. At that time Ilya Fadeyevich made a huge impression on everyone. We were impressed by his masterly simple exposition of the most complicated physiological questions and artistic talent in carrying out experiments. I will remember this teacher all my life. "

Research activities

The first research works of Pavlov date back to 1873. Then under the guidance of FV Ovsyannikov, Ivan investigated the nerves in the lungs of the frog. In the same year, together with a classmate, he wrote the first scientific work. The leader, of course, was IF Zion. In this work, students studied the effect of the laryngeal nerves on blood circulation. At the end of 1874, the results were discussed at a meeting of the Society of Naturalists. Pavlov regularly visited these meetings and communicated with Tarkhanov, Ovsyannikov and Sechenov.

Soon students M. Afanasyev and IP Pavlov began studying the nerves of the pancreas. The Council of the University awarded this work with a gold medal. True, Ivan spent a lot of time on research and did not pass final exams, having lost a scholarship. This forced him to stay at the university for another year. And in 1875 he graduated brilliantly. He was only 26 (photo of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov at this age, unfortunately, did not survive), and the future was seen as very promising.

Physiology of blood circulation

In 1876, a young man found an assistant to Professor KN Ustimovich, head of the laboratory at the Medico-Surgical Academy. In the next two years, Ivan conducted a series of studies on the physiology of the circulation. Pavlov's work was highly appreciated by Professor S. P. Botkin and invited him to his clinic. Formally Ivan took the post of laboratory assistant, but in fact became the head of the laboratory. Despite the poor premises, shortage of equipment and scanty financing, Pavlov achieved serious results in the field of studying the physiology of digestion and circulation. In scientific circles, his name gained increasing popularity.

First love

In the late seventies, he met with Seraphim Karchevskaya, a pedagogical student. Young united the closeness of views, community of interests, loyalty to the ideals of serving society and the struggle for progress. In general, they fell in love with each other. A surviving photo of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov and Serafima Vasilievna Karchevskaya shows that they were a very beautiful couple. It was the support of the spouse that allowed the young man to achieve such successes in the scientific field.

Searches for a new job

For 12 years of work in the clinic SP Botkin biography Pavlov Ivan Petrovich replenished with many scientific events, and he became known both at home and abroad. Improving the working and living conditions of a talented scientist became a necessity not only for his personal interests, but also for the development of Russian science.

But in times of tsarist Russia, it was extremely difficult to achieve any changes to a simple, honest, democratic, impractical, shy and unsophisticated person, like Pavlov was. In addition, the life of the scientist was complicated by prominent physiologists with whom Ivan Petrovich, being still young, publicly entered into heated discussions and often emerged victorious. So, thanks to the negative response of Professor IR Tarkhanov on Pavlov's work on blood circulation, the latter was not awarded a prize.

Ivan Petrovich could not find a good laboratory to continue his studies. In 1887, he wrote in a letter to the Minister of Education, in which he asked for a place in the chair of some experimental university. Then he sent out several more letters to various institutions and was rejected everywhere. But soon luck smiled to the scientist.

Nobel Prize

In April 1890 Pavlov was elected professor of pharmacology at once to two universities: Warsaw and Tomsk. And in 1891, he was invited to organize a department of physiology in the newly opened University of Experimental Medicine. Pavlov led him to the end of his days. It was here that he performed several classic works on the physiology of digestive glands, which were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1904. The entire scientific community remembers the speech that Academician Pavlov "On the Russian Mind" delivered at the ceremony. It should be noted that this was the first prize awarded for experiments in the field of medicine.

Relations with the Soviet Government

Despite famine and devastation in the days of the rise of Soviet power, Lenin issued a special resolution in which Pavlov's work was highly valued, which indicated the exceptionally warm and caring attitude of the Bolsheviks. In the shortest possible time, the academician and his staff were provided with the most favorable conditions for carrying out scientific work. The laboratory of Ivan Petrovich was reorganized into the Physiological Institute. And to the 80th anniversary of the academician near Leningrad, a scientific institute-town was opened.

Many dreams were realized, which for a long time the academician Pavlov Ivan Petrovich nurtured. Scientific works of the professor were regularly published. At its institutes, clinics of mental and nervous diseases appeared. All the scientific institutes headed by him received new equipment. The number of employees has grown tenfold. In addition to budgetary funds, the scientist received monthly amounts for expenditure at his own discretion.

Ivan Petrovich was thrilled and touched by such attentive and warm attitude of the Bolsheviks towards his scientific activity. After all, under the tsarist regime, he constantly needed money. And now the academician was even worried about whether he could justify the trust and care of the government. He often expressed this in his surroundings, and publicly.

Death

Academician Pavlov died at the 87th year of his life. Nothing foreshadowed the death of the scientist, because Ivan Petrovich had excellent health and seldom was ill. True, he was susceptible to colds and had pneumonia several times. Pneumonia and caused death. On February 27, 1936, the scientist left this world.

The whole Soviet people mourned when Academician Pavlov died (a description of the death of Ivan Petrovich immediately appeared in the newspapers). A great man and a great scientist who made a great contribution to the development of physiological science left. They buried Ivan Petrovich at the Volkov cemetery, not far from the grave of D. I. Mendeleyev.