A word-building chain of compound words. How to build a word-building chain correctly? Examples of word-building chains

It is very important to get the skill of how to build a word-building chain correctly. This ability will allow to trace the sequence of creation of a new speech unit and in the future to avoid gross errors.

Derivative and generating words

All newly formed speech elements in Russian have a derived basis. The word- building chain of compound words is built on the basis of the simplest - generating (motivating) unit. It is basic. All newly formed words are derived (motivated). This rule is preserved in all cases of the formation of new speech units.

A motivated word has a more complex structure in relation to the producer. This is reflected in the semantic, morphological and stylistic aspects.

Let's consider word-building chains - examples of derivatives and generating elements:

• Glass <= under-glass , where the glass is the motivating unit. A glass holder is a derivative.
• To beat <= you-bit , where to beat - the producing word. To beat out is motivated.

Non-derivative (unmotivated) word

In Russian there are speech units that are not formed from other words having the same root. About such forms say that they have an unproductive basis. The word-forming chain of a word having an unmotivated basis can be formed with such a unit only in the following way: the non-derivative form as the generating one is a motivated form. That is, the basic word is the simplest in composition.

Unmotivated speech units, as a rule, consist of a single root. For example: brother, chair, day.

What is the word-building chain

The smallest unit of word formation is the producing form. On its basis, all the related elements are built. The word-forming chain is a sequence of speech forms having one root. In this case, each new element follows from the previous one. That is, this sequence has a hierarchical structure.

Each new unit in the word-forming chain forms with the previous speech pair and is a derivative for it. Another word, in turn, is motivating.

Let's consider an example. In the chain weaving <= weaver <= weaver weaver is derivative with respect to "weave", whereas in relation to "weaver" it is motivating.

What is the word-building chain for?

The word-forming chain of a word is the sequence of occurrence of new speech units. Language - a living mechanism, which is constantly updated and replenished. Since the majority of new speech units in the Russian language are derivatives, word formation is an important key to understanding the meaning of vocabulary and the possibility of its assimilation.

To form the skill and consolidate the skills of building sequences it is appropriate to perform various tasks of the type:

• Form a word-forming chain of a given word;
• Find the producing form;
• Determine in which word-building chain the sequence is broken;
• To reveal the motivating basis;
• Determine how many word-building chains in a given nest.

Formative nests

With the help of word-forming chains that unite the single-root units of speech with a common semantic meaning, one more sequence can be made. It is called a nest. This is the most extensive concept in the system of constructing new lexical forms.

The word-building nests are a set of chains that unite speech units with a common semantic meaning. It is important to take into account not only the common root, but also the fact of semantic intimacy. The apex of the word-building nest is the simplest unit. Only by selecting the simplest in the series of single-root speech elements, you can determine how many sequences on the basis of it you can build.

For example, the word-forming chain: face <= depersonalize <= depersonalize forms a nest with string: face <= face <= facing . The speech unit "person" is a derivative in this nest.

Ways of word formation

In order to avoid mistakes in the composition of word-building chains, it is necessary to understand how the construction of new speech elements takes place in the Russian language.

There are several ways:

1. Addition. A new unit is formed by attaching the stem of one word to the basis of another (or more bases). There are the following ways:

• Producing basis + connecting vowel + motivating word: gas-o-silicate, full-o-glasie . In some cases, a connecting vowel may be absent: Kaliningrad ;
• Producing base + producing base: sofa bed, flared skirt, non-commissioned officer ;
• Producing base + producing base + suffix: head-scrap-to-a ;
• Abbreviation: the formation of complex words by adding completely or partially truncated bases: higher education institution, battalion commander, commander-in-chief .

2. Morphological method - with the help of affixes:

• Suffixal (with the help of suffixes): malin-nickname <= raspberries ;
• Prefix (with the help of prefixes); Over-run <= run ;
• Postfixal (-or-, or, some, -she): get married <= get married ;
• Combined (prefix-suffix, suffix-prefix , etc.)

3. Conversion (morphological and syntactic method). In this case, the word is not subject to any changes. The process of formation of a new unit is carried out through a transition from one part of speech to another.

• Substantivation - the formation of the noun from another part of speech: orderly, working, awake ;
• Adjectivation - the formation of an adjective by moving from another part of the speech: burning eyes (compare: burning coals in the furnace );
• Pronominalization (transition to pronouns): this context, in one city ;
• Adverbialization (transition to adverbs): I 'll do it my own way (compare: I act according to my plan y);
• Transition to pretexts: thanks to a happy occasion (compare: thanks to him for his help ).

4. Lexical and semantic method. The word does not change its morphological structure, acquiring another semantic load: the onion (plant) - the bow (weapon), the brush (for drawing) - the brush (rowan).

5. Lexico-syntactic method: merging two or more units into one. For example: the following (listed below), ineffective (little effective).

Algorithm for composing the word-building chain

In order to understand how to form a word-forming chain, it is necessary to study the sequence of actions. Accurate observance of all the items will greatly simplify the task.

1. Put the word in the initial form.
2. Select all available affixes - prefixes, suffixes and root.
3. Determine the way of education.
4. Find the semantic meaning of the speech element (if necessary - with the help of a dictionary).
5. In the row of single-root units, choose the producer with a similar value.

For example, you want to find the producer for the word "cup holder".

We allocate affixes and root: a sub-glass , where the sub -prefix, the nickname is the suffix, the glass is the root. Prefix-suffix way of word formation. Determine the semantic meaning: the cup holder is the object that is put under the glass . Hence the producer in this case will be the word "glass".

Examples of word-building chains

Let's look at some examples of composing sequences.

Requires a word-building chain with the word "cheer".

According to the algorithm:

1. The initial form is to "cheer up".
2. We allocate affixes: once-cheerfully-and-that . Suffixes: form-forming - and -, of an indefinite form -t , -, postfix of the return form of the verb -sa . Prefix raz- . The root is a grease .
3. Define the type of word formation: we were able to identify the formative suffixes and the prefix. Hence, the method is prefix-suffix.
4. We sing out the semantic load of the speech element: "merry": come in a good mood, become cheerful.
5. The word-formation method is prefix-suffix. We are looking for the producing unit by simplification. The motivating word of the reflexive verb "merry" is the irrevocable verb "cheer". The prefix of the time- in this case has the significance of performing an action with a high intensity. The producing word of the verb "cheer" is a simpler element "to amuse", which is formed, in turn, from the adjective "cheerful". Thus, the word-forming chain will be:

Merry <= cheer up <= cheer up <= cheer

Write a word-forming chain for the noun "salting".

According to the algorithm:

1. The initial form is "salting".
2. We allocate affixes and root: for-sol-to-a . Prefix: for , root: -sol , suffix: -k- , inflection: -a .
3. Method of word formation: prefix-suffix.
4. We determine the semantic meaning of "salting": canning with salt.
5. We are looking for a simpler composition of the word. The suffix -k indicates that the verbal element denotes the name of the action and is formed from the verb. The word-forming pair for this noun is the verb "salinize". In turn, the prefix means completion of the action - the verb is formed from the simpler form of "salt." "Salt" - do something salty with salt. Producer of the word "salt". The word-building chain will be of the form:

Salt <= salt <= pickle <= salting

Construct a word-building chain for the adjective "non-pedagogical".

According to the algorithm:

1. The initial form is non-pedagogical.
2. We distinguish morphemes: non-pedagogue-isch . The prefix is not-, the root is the teacher , the suffix is -nich , and the inflection is the inflection.
3. Method of word formation: prefix-suffix.
4. We define the semantic meaning of "non-pedagogical": it does not correspond to the norms of pedagogy.
5. The word-formation method is prefix-suffix. We are looking for a simpler morpheme composition unit. The adjective "non-pedagogical" is formed from the same part of the speech "pedagogical" with the help of a prefix with a negative value of not- . Thus, the generating unit in this pair is the word "pedagogical". In turn, the adjective "pedagogical" is formed with the help of a form-building suffix - the "noun" from the noun "pedagogy". This word is derived from a simpler noun "teacher". Thus, the producing unit (vertex) of this sequence is the noun "teacher". The word-building chain is as follows:

Pedagogue <= pedagogy <= pedagogical <= not pedagogical

To compose the word-forming chain of the verb "to be defiled".

We perform the sequence of actions according to the algorithm:

1. An undefined form is to be "defeated".
2. We single out the affixes: once-make-up-irish-tsya . Prefix: times- , root: -grim- , formative suffix of verb- irova- and affix of indefinite form -t , postfix -ya.
3. Method of word formation: prefix-suffix.
4. We determine the semantic meaning of the verb "to be defeated": to take off his make-up.
5. The word-formation method is prefix-suffix, so we are looking for a simpler unit with morphemic composition. The reflexive verb "to be defeated" is formed from the return verb "make-up" with the help of the prefix once the value of the annulment of the previous action. In turn, the return verb "make up" - from the irrevocable verb "make up". The generating word of the verb "make up" is the non-derivative noun "makeup", which is the vertex of the given sequence. The word-building chain is the following scheme:

Make-up <= make-up <= make-up <= make-out

Pay attention to

When composing word-building chains, it is recommended to pay attention to the following nuances:

• It is impossible to confuse word-formative and form-forming studies. The latter is aimed at identifying the forms of the same word. For example: running - running - running. While the ultimate goal of the word-building analysis is the chain of new lexical units;
• The basis of the newly formed speech element, as a rule, consists of more affixes than in the motivating element. For example, in the word-formation pair: winter <= the winter producing base includes one affix-the root- winters- , while the basis of the motivated word consists of the root-the winter and the suffix- n- .
• In speech pairs denoting the faces or names of male and female animals, the producing word is usually a masculine noun. For example: weaver <= weaver; Goose <= goose ;
• In pairs involving different parts of speech - a verb denoting an abstract action, and a noun or an adjective pointing to a characteristic, the derivative word, as a rule, is the noun. For example: old <= old age, oven <= baking ;
• The bulk of the return verbs are formed from the irrecoverable. For example: to teach <= to study, to marry <= to marry ;
• Most often the following scheme works in word formation of verbs: non-derivative verb of imperfect type without prefix <= perfect verb with prefix <= verb with prefix and suffix of imperfect type: look <= view <= view, sow <= sow <= sow ;
• In the derivation of adverbs on -o, the producing unit is, as a rule, an adjective: good <= good, rough <= drill .

The use of dictionaries in the compilation of word-building chains

Even with a clear adherence to the algorithm, the formation of word-building chains sometimes causes certain difficulties. In this case, it is appropriate to use the dictionaries. There are specialized publications, with the help of which it is possible to pick up the single-root forms almost to any speech element. They contain word-building chains - examples With non-productive units and with all its neoplasms. The ways and types of constructing language forms are indicated. Also here you can find hints how to make a word-forming chain to one or another speech element.

Non-derivative forms are arranged alphabetically in the manual. The most complete edition is the "Dictionary of the Russian language" in 2 volumes.

The use of dictionaries helps in building chains, and also promotes the assimilation of new vocabulary.