Weather conditions of a meteorological nature. Protection of the population

From the very beginning of the development of civilization, the planet is threatened by geological, meteorological, and hydrological emergency situations. In doing so, they often cause considerable damage. The magnitude of harm depends on the intensity of catastrophes, the conditions of life of society, the level of its development. Let us further consider the main weather conditions of a meteorological nature.

Relevance of the issue

. Recently, geological, meteorological, hydrological and biological emergency situations have become more frequent. For example, volcanoes in Kamchatka are activated, the number of earthquakes in the North Caucasus, Transbaikalia, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands is growing. The destructive power of catastrophes also increases. Recently, floods, landslides, tornadoes, storms, hurricanes, snowdrifts, and other meteorological and agrometeorological emergency situations have become almost regular . Undoubtedly, today mankind is not as helpless as before. Some catastrophes can be successfully predicted, others can be effectively countered. But any response to natural processes requires a deep knowledge of the causes and characters of manifestation.

Regularities

имеют ряд общих черт: Meteorological emergencies of a natural nature have a number of common features:

1. Each type of catastrophe is characterized by a specific spatial reference.
2. The higher the intensity (intensity) of the phenomenon, the less often it arises.
3. Each phenomenon is preceded by certain signs.
4. For all the suddenness, the emergence of a catastrophe can be predicted.
5. Almost always it is possible to provide active or passive measures aimed at protection from danger.

The causes of weather events of a meteorological nature: examples

Disasters can be caused by various factors. Among the most common are:

1. The wind, including a tornado, a storm, a hurricane. возникают при скорости воздушных потоков от 25 м/с и больше. Emergencies of a meteorological nature arise at a speed of air flows from 25 m / s and more.
2. Heavy rain - the amount of precipitation from 50 mm and more within 12 hours.
3. A large hail is a particle diameter of 20 mm.
4. Strong snowfall - the amount of precipitation from 20 mm for 12 hours.
5. Dust storms.
6. Strong snowstorms with a wind speed of 15 m / s and above.
7. Frozen - with a drop in temperature on the soil surface during the growing season below 0 deg.
8. Heatwave.

Shaky winds, rains, frosts and can cause serious damage to life support facilities, threatening the lives of the population. могут вызывать катастрофические последствия, когда: Meteorological emergency situations of a natural nature can cause catastrophic consequences when:

1. Occur on the territory of the region (regions, regions, republics, districts).
2. Cover several areas.
3. Lasts not less than 6 hours.

Movement of air

The atmosphere of the planet is inhomogeneous both in temperature and in composition. The temperature difference provides a general air circulation. It, in turn, affects the climatic conditions on the planet. The movement of the air is called the wind. Its strength is estimated according to the Beaufort scale in points (from 0 to 12). The movement of air is due to the presence of anticyclones and cyclones. The wind is always sent from the high pressure zone to the low region. In a diameter, a cyclone can reach several thousand km. In the Northern Hemisphere, the direction of the wind is opposite, and in the Southern hemisphere - clockwise.

Hurricanes

They are very fast. It can reach 12 points. Over the Pacific Ocean there are tropical hurricanes - typhoons. . They are considered to be the most powerful meteorological emergency . Hurricanes can have different sizes. As a rule, a zone of destruction is taken as the width. Often, a region of storm winds of small force is added to it. In such cases, the width of the hurricane can reach even 1,000 km. The strip of destruction of the typhoon, as a rule, is 15-45 km. The duration of hurricanes on average 9-12 days. The power of destruction is due to the presence of colossal energy in the epicenter. Its amount, allocated for 1 hour is comparable to the power of a nuclear explosion of 36 gigatonons. . Often, along with hurricanes, there are other weather conditions of a meteorological nature . In particular, the phenomena are accompanied by torrential rains, causing landslides and mudslides.

Storms

They are streaming and vortex. The latter are represented in the form of complex formations, the origin of which is associated with cyclonic activity. They spread over a fairly large area. Stream storms are local phenomena. They cover a small area. Stream storms are sharply separated, peculiar and inferior to vortexes. They can be jet and drain. In the latter case, air moves from top to bottom. In stream storms, the flows move horizontally and upwards. As a rule, they pass between the mountain chains connecting the valleys. такж е пыльные бури. Other weather conditions include dust storms. They cause suffocation, can carry dangerous parasites, cause considerable damage to the technique. As a rule, such phenomena occur in deserts, with unstable weather, in the zone of atmospheric fronts. Storm storms usually start suddenly. In this case, they differ in a short character (up to several minutes).

Tornado

As a rule, it occurs in the warm part of the cyclone and moves with it at a speed of 10-20 m / s. The length of the tornado path can be from 1 to 60 km. In its upper part a funnel-shaped expansion is formed, which merges with the clouds. In some cases, the bottom increases. This happens when the tornado drops to the ground. Its height can be 800-1500 m. In the tornado, the air rotates and simultaneously moves up the spiral, drawing water and dust into itself. The speed of such a stream can be 330 m / s. Inside the vortex, pressure decreases. As a result, condensation of steam begins. The visible tornado is due to water and dust. Over the sea, its diameter can reach tens, and above the land - hundreds of meters. Together with a tornado, there are often thunderstorms, hail, rain. If the flows reach the ground, the objects located on it are always destroyed. The tornado tightens all the objects that meet on the way, lifts them and carries them for long distances. прогнозировать очень сложно. It is very difficult to predict such weather forecasts.

Shower

It is an intense precipitation. Especially dangerous showers, the speed of which is 0.15-0.20 mm / minute. They damage crops, causing them to lodge. Continued downpours are the cause of floods. In addition, they cause dangerous slope processes (soil dilution, collapses, mudslides).

Snowfall

It hinders the traffic, significantly reduces visibility. Within 12 hours, 20 mm or more may fall out. Strong snowfalls with drifts completely paralyze traffic, cause damage to power lines, buildings (due to high layer pressure). At the same time, snowstorms are frequent - the snow carries the wind. The lower their intensity, the longer they last.

Frosts

During the vegetative period, a significant decrease in temperature leads to the death of crops. In the northern regions, freezing is a frequent occurrence. Extremely low temperature drop is typical for Kamchatka, Chukotka, Yakutia, and the Magadan Region. The magnitude of the damage will depend not so much on the level of deviation from the normal indices t as on the fitness of the local population and the economic complex to such phenomena.

Heat

In the summer period, an extreme rise in temperature is frequent. The heat can last for one or several weeks. Emergency mode is declared at a temperature of 35 degrees. Heat increases the risk of fires, shallowing of rivers, damaging crops. In many cases, it leads to disruptions in the operation of transport. Often the heat causes drought. For a long time, a high temperature is maintained in the vast territory in combination with the absence of precipitation. If such a situation persists for at least a month, then the water balance of plants is violated, which leads to their damage and death.

Rules of conduct for meteorological emergency situations

There are various recommendations on how to behave in the event of catastrophes. , поскольку от этого может зависеть не только его жизнь, но и близких. Any person needs to know what to do in the case of weather conditions of a meteorological nature , since this may depend not only on his life, but also on his relatives. Elementary recommendations are given at school. At lessons OBZH the teacher tells about ES and rules of behavior at their occurrence.

Thunderstorm activities

Lightning is dangerous when a flash is followed by a thundering. In such situations, urgent security measures must be taken. When in the house it is necessary to close windows, chimneys, doors, ventilation holes. Do not stove the stove, because the gases that will come out of the pipe are low in resistance. When striking lightning, one should not approach the wiring, gutters, lightning rod. It is not recommended to be near the window. It is advisable to turn off electrical appliances. When staying in a forest during a thunderstorm, you should choose a low-growing plot. It is dangerous to take shelter in tall trees. From the elevations it is better to go down into the lowland. When you are in an open space (in a field, steppe), do not lie down on the ground. You need to choose a groove and sit down, arms clasped around your legs.

Measures during a hurricane, tornado, storm

When in the building, you need to move away from the windows and take a safe place in the corridor, near the walls, built-in cabinets, under the table, etc. It is first necessary to turn off the lights, close the taps on the gas equipment, and extinguish the fire in the oven. In the dark, you should use lamps, candles, lights. If a hurricane is caught on the street, it is necessary to try to keep farther from light structures, bridges, power lines, overpasses, lakes, rivers, masts, trees, industrial facilities. To protect yourself from flying debris, you can use sheets of plywood, boxes, boards and other improvised materials. It is necessary to hide as quickly as possible in the basement, anti-radiation shelter, cellar, etc. Do not enter damaged buildings, because the risk of their collapse is high. With a dust storm, you must close your face with a bandage, a piece of cloth, a handkerchief. When you are in an open area, you should find a road ditch, pit, ditch, any other depression and lie in it, pressing tightly to the ground. The head must be covered with clothing or branches. In a car in such a situation, it remains dangerous.

Activities with snowstorms

You can leave buildings only in exceptional cases. Moving in the car can only be along major roads. When leaving the vehicle, you should not be removed from it beyond the scope of the visibility zone. The Ministry of Emergency Situations warns that during the elements the number of thefts and other crimes increases. In this regard, care must be taken when dealing with strangers.

Conclusion

Considering natural emergencies, it is necessary to note the importance of anthropogenic influence on their occurrence. Human activities often violate the equilibrium in ecosystems. This, in turn, causes an increase in the intensity and frequency of emergencies. Any territory of the earth can be affected by the catastrophe. There is always a connection between emergency situations. It most clearly manifests itself in earthquakes and tsunamis. Cyclones in the tropics are almost always followed by floods. When earthquakes often occur fires, breakthrough dams, etc. When planning protective measures, it is necessary to minimize the size of secondary consequences. By means of appropriate training, they can be completely eliminated. For successful prevention and elimination of emergencies it is necessary to study their causes and mechanisms. Predict the occurrence of this or that phenomenon, you can, knowing its physical essence. Protection from natural disasters of meteorological, geological, hydrological and other nature can be active. In this case, construction of engineering structures and structures, resource mobilization, reconstruction of facilities, etc. is carried out. Protection can also be passive. In this case, the population uses shelters. As a rule, passive and active methods of protection are combined.